本文是在国内GMAT考生中广为流传的PREP语法笔记整理而成。这些PREP题目，包括了老PREP和新PREP中的各2套共493道题目。我们把这些题目，按20道题目一组，创建了25个练习册，方便大家先做后看。
注意：此部分解析为非官方、非专业老师整理的解析。
SpanishpoetJuanRamónJiménez,whowontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1956,soembarrassedinhislateryearsbywhatheconsideredtheexcessivesentimentinthepoemsinhisfirsttwocollections,hedestroyedeverycopyhecouldfind.
A.soembarrassedinhislateryearsbywhatheconsideredtheexcessivesentimentinthepoemsinhisfirsttwocollections,hedestroyed
B.andwassoembarrassedinhislateryearsbywhatheconsideredastheexcessivesentimentinthepoemsinhisfirsttwocollectionsthathedestroyed
C.inhislateryearshewassoembarrassedbywhatheconsideredastheexcessivesentimentinthepoemsinhisfirsttwocollections,destroying
D.wassoembarrassedinhislateryearsbywhatheconsideredtheexcessivesentimentinthepoemsinhisfirsttwocollectionsthathedestroyed(D)
E.becausehewassoembarrassedinhislateryearsbywhatheconsideredastheexcessivesentimentinthepoemsinhisfirsttwocollections,destroying
题目释义：SpanishpoetJuanRamónJiménez,...,wasso...thathedestroyed...
句子结构（GrammaticalConstruction）
1.so…that…固定搭配
A.hedestroyed前面的成分被悬挂；so...that结构，缺少that；
B.andwas无并列对象；considersb/sthsth，中间不能加as和tobe。
C.inhislateryears前面的成份被悬挂；considersb/sthsth，中间不能加as和tobe；so...that结构不完整；destroying伴随对象不明确。
D.Correct。
E.缺少谓语动词；considersb/sthsth，中间不能加as和tobe；destroying伴随对象不明确。
目的状语从句和结果状语从句-serendipityh
1)so/such...that...表示结果，可以用在单一主谓结构中，也可以用在复杂主谓结构中，不用考虑逻辑主语。such后一般不加抽象名词.
特别说明：so/such...asto...表示结果，用于单一主谓结构中，逻辑主语等于句子主语，即句子主语可以执行asto后动词的动作。such后一般不加抽象名词.
2)sothat状语从句:从句中出现情态动词,sothat表示目的；从句中没有出现情态动词，sothat表示结果。suchthat状语从句；表示结果。so/suchthat从句不用考虑逻辑主语.Sothat不能修饰名词短语
Such...thatsuch后加被修饰的名次
特别说明：soasto可以表示目的也可以表示结果，用于单一主谓结构中，逻辑主语等于句子主语，即句子主语可以执行asto后动词的动作。soasto修饰动词。so...as的搭配只用在否定句中,So…asto后一般不加被动语态
Competitioninthemid-nineteenthcenturybylargewesternfarmsgraduallycausedfarmersinPennsylvaniatoturntolivestockraising,butbeforethatitwaspredominantlygrain-producing.
A.Competitioninthemid-nineteenthcenturybylargewesternfarmsgraduallycausedfarmersinPennsylvaniatoturntolivestockraising,butbeforethatitwaspredominantlygrain-producing.
B.Oncepredominantlyagrain-producingstate,competitioninthemid-nineteenthcenturyfromlargewesternfarmsgraduallywascausingPennsylvania’sfarmerstoturntolivestockraising.
C.Pennsylvania’sfarmersweregraduallycausedtoturntolivestockraisingbycompetitionfromlargewesternfarmsinthemid-nineteenthcentury,butbeforethatitwaspredominantlyagrain-producingstate.
D.Itwasoncepredominantlygrain-producing,butcompetitioninthemid-nineteenthcenturybylargewesternfarmswasgraduallycausingPennsylvania’sfarmerstoturntolivestockraising.(E)
E.Pennsylvaniawasonceapredominantlygrain-producingstate,butcompetitioninthemid-nineteenthcenturyfromlargewesternfarmsgraduallycausedthestate’sfarmerstoturntolivestockraising.
题目释义：Pennsylvaniawasonceastate,butcompetitionfromsb...causedsb.toturnto...
逻辑表达(logicalpredication)
1.习惯搭配：competitionfromsb./sth.而competitionbysb./sth.错误。
2.causesb.todosth.
3.livestockraising:农牧业，畜禽养殖业
A.competitionfromsb/sth；that不能指代整个句子；it指代competition有误。
C.that不能指代整个句子；it指代有误；前分句被动语态不好，累赘；inthemid-nineteenthcentury修饰了largewesternfarms错误，应该紧跟competition。
D.it指代competiton不合理；competitionfromsb/sth；cause用过去进行时错误。
E.Correct。
A.coastalerosionoccurscontinuously,notinjustsuchcalamitousburstslikehurricanes,has
B.coastalerosionoccurscontinuously,notjustincalamitousburstssuchashurricanes,has
C.coastalerosioniscontinuouslyoccurring,notinjustcalamitousburstslikehurricanes,having
D.thereiscontinuouscoastalerosion,notjustincalamitousburstssuchashurricanes,whichhas(B)
E.thereiscontinuouscoastalerosionoccurring,notinjustsuchcalamitousburstslikehurricanes,has
题目释义：growingevidencethat....,...,has...
习惯用语
1.suchas固定搭配；such…like搭配错误
2.therebe用法
A.such...as，表示举例不能用like
B.Correct。
C.such...as，表示举例不能用like；缺少谓语动词；iscontinuouslyoccurring，现在进行时与continuously重复。
D.全句缺少谓语动词；由于后面的has，本句里面which是跳跃插入语修饰erosion的。
E.such...as，表示举例不能用like；occurring与thereis矛盾，isoccuring与continuous重复。
关于therebe：
1.therebe用于陈述事物客观存在。
2.therebe句型不与现在进行时搭配，这个句型本身就暗含了正在进行的含义
3.在正式文体特别是文学中，Therebe句式中的be也可以用其它意义的动词或词组取代。它们通常是：exist,live,stand等表示存在或位置的动词；come,go,run,walk等表示运动或方向的动词以及certaintobe,suretobe,appeartobe,happentobe等词组。这种there存在句的谓语动词的人称、数的形式与主语须保持一致。例如：
4.在GMAT中，therebe句型极少，因为这种表示存在状态的句型往往不能准确地表达出动作的施受对象，或者不够简洁。从简洁和有效上说，therebe+形容词转化的名词＝形容词，therebe+动词转化的名词＝动词，therebe统统不简洁。
ANewYorkCityordinanceof1897regulatedtheuseofbicycles,mandatedamaximumspeedofeightmilesanhour,requiredofcycliststokeepfeetonpedalsandhandsonhandlebarsatalltimes,anditgrantedpedestriansright-of-way.
A.regulatedtheuseofbicycles,mandatedamaximumspeedofeightmilesanhour,requiredofcycliststokeepfeetonpedalsandhandsonhandlebarsatalltimes,anditgranted
B.regulatedtheuseofbicycles,mandatedamaximumspeedofeightmilesanhour,requiredcycliststokeepfeetonpedalsandhandsonhandlebarsatalltimes,granting
C.regulatingtheuseofbicyclesmandatedamaximumspeedofeightmilesanhour,requiredcycliststhattheykeepfeetonpedalsandhandsonhandlebarsatalltimes,anditgranted
D.regulatingtheuseofbicycles,mandatingamaximumspeedofeightmilesanhour,requiringofcycliststhattheykeepfeetonpedalsandhandsonhandlebarsatalltimes,andgranted(E)
E.regulatingtheuseofbicyclesmandatedamaximumspeedofeightmilesanhour,requiredcycliststokeepfeetonpedalsandhandsonhandlebarsatalltimes,andgranted
题目释义：ANYCordianceregulatingsth.mandated…,required…,andgranted…
平行结构(parallelism);
1.right-of-way:优先通行权
A.regulate与mandate,require并列逻辑意思不合理；and后面的itgranted没有平行对象，it应该省略；Requiresb.todosth
B.regulate与mandate，require并列逻辑意思不合理；三个动词并列，最后一个动词前应该加and；granting做伴随逻辑意思不合理
C.mandate，require和grant并列，it应该省略；sthrequireofsbthat...do...；Require+that从句(使用动词原形表示虚拟语气)
D.regulating与mandating，requiring并列逻辑意思不合理，就算并列，requiring前应该加and；如果regulating与mandating，requiring，grant并列，grant应改为granting；如果四个动词并列，该句子就缺乏谓语动词
1.Require的固定搭配：(几个正确表达的优先级是一样的)
(1)Requiresb./sth.todosth.(不定式可用被动形式)àRequiresb.doing…错误
大全475.LegislationintheCanadianprovinceofOntariorequiresofbothpublicandprivateemployersthatpaybethesameforjobshistoricallyheldbywomenasforjobsrequiringcomparableskillthatareusuallyheldbymen.
(3)N.isrequired(ofsb./sth.)todosth.某物对某人做某事来说是必须的
或N.requiredofsb./sth.todo.（其中required是过去分词）
大全166.Becauseoftheenormousresearchanddevelopmentexpendituresrequiredoffirmstosurviveintheelectronicsindustry,anindustrymarkedbyrapidinnovationandvolatiledemand,suchfirmstendtobeverylarge.
Windmaple的例句：Thisleavesopenan"in-between"position:Theeffortsrequiredofsomeonetopreventtheconsequencesofhisnon-negligentactcouldbegreaterthanwhatwouldberequiredofanybystander,butnotasgreataswouldberequiredtoavoidanactthanisknowntocausetheharmfulconsequences.
(4)requiredoing(require主动表被动含义)：如ArequiremakingknowntoB.A需要被B知道
*:GMAT中出现过的错误表达：
Requireofsb.todo（requireofsb.后应该加that，只有requiresb.和sth.isrequiredofsb.后面才是加todo的）
Requiresb.that（require若和that搭配，则跟sb.之间要有of）
Requiresb.doing…错误
2.定语从句作定语与分词短语作定语的区别
(2)分词短语比定语从句更简洁;都可接受时,分词短语比定语从句优先使用;如有可能,定语从句要尽可能简化为分词短语。
(3)有情态动词的定语从句不能转换为分词短语。
(4)如果定语从句转换为分词短语后产生歧义，则不能转换。
Unlikemostothermergersintheutilityindustry,whichhavebeendrivenbytheneedtosavemoneyandextendcompanies’serviceareas,themergerofthenation’sleadinggasandelectriccompanyisintendedtocreateahugemarketingnetworkfortheutilitiesinquestionwithstatesopeningtheirutilitymarketstocompetition.
A.andelectriccompanyisintendedtocreateahugemarketingnetworkfortheutilitiesinquestionwithstatesopening
B.andelectriccompaniesareintendedtocreateahugenetworkformarketingtheutilitiesinquestionasstatesopen
C.andelectriccompaniesareintendedtocreateahugenetworkthatwillbemarketingtheutilitiesinquestion,withstatesopening
D.companyandelectriccompanyareintendingtocreateahugemarketingnetworkfortheutilitiesinquestion,withstatesopening(E)
E.companyandleadingelectriccompanyisintendedtocreateahugenetworkformarketingtheutilitiesinquestionasstatesopen
题目释义：Unlikemostothermergers...,which...,themerger.....is...
指代一致（Agreement）;逻辑表达（LogicalPredication）
1.Unlikesb./sth成分和主语之间可以相隔一个插入语。
A.leadinggasandelectriccompany错误,因为一个公司不可能组成merger，应该是gascompanyandelectriccompany分开写；with短语前面没有逗号时做状语表达的是“与开放公用事业市场的州一同来createanetwork”，逻辑错误，注意在此with短语不会做定语，因为前面的theutilitiesinquestion不可能被withstates修饰；opening做states的限定性修饰，表示只有几个州openutilitymarkes，逻辑错误；marketingnetwork表达unidiomatic。
B.are应该改为is，因为主语是merger。
C.are应该改为is，因为主语是merger；withstatesopening伴随修饰bemarketing错误；thatwillbemarketing繁琐而且文中没有将来进行时态的意思。
D.are应该改为is，因为主语是merger；beintendedtodosth要用被动语态，merger不能发出动作；marketingnetwork的表达unidiomatic。
E.Correct；asstatesopen伴随着各州开放公共事业市场的竞争。
Forthefirsttimeinthemodernera,non-HispanicWhitesareofficiallyaminorityinCalifornia,whichamountstoalittlelessthanhalfthepopulationofthestate,downfromnearlythree-quartersonlyadecadeago.
A.whichamountstoalittlelessthanhalfthepopulationofthestate,downfromnearlythree-quartersonlyadecadeago
B.whichamountstoalittlelessthanhalfthepopulationofthestate,downfromadecadeago,whenitwasnearlythree-quarters
C.andthatamountstoalittlelessthanhalfthepopulationofthestate,downfromadecadeago,whentheywerenearlythree-quarters
D.amountingtoalittlelessthanhalfthepopulationofthestate,downfromnearlythree-quartersadecadeago(D)
E.amountingtoalittlelessthanhalfthepopulationofthestate,downfromwhatitwasadecadeagobynearlythree-quarters
题目释义：..,non-HispanicWhitesare....,amountingto...,downfrom...
句子结构
A.which无所指，前面没有成分可以与amountsto连接（thenumbersofnon-HispanicWhitesinCalifornia才可以）；only修饰adecadeago错误。
B.which无所指；downfromadecadeago逻辑意思不合理；it无所指。
C.andthatamounts中that无所指；they无指代对象。
D.Correct；amounting做状语修饰前面整个主系表结构；对于only的省略见“补充说明”
1.代词指代：
代词不一定是就近指代（但过远一定不好），通常代词指代对象的查找顺序为：
(1)主从句中：先指代主语的核心词，再指代宾语或表语的核心词，最后指代修饰语中的名词。
(2)并列句中：有2个或3个句子并列，第2个或第3个句子中的代词应该优先指代第1句中主句的名词。
2.only强调副词，至于其是否省略，要根据其作用而定。
所以，是否强调fromadecadeago没有显著区别。
Studyingthefruitfly,ahouseholdnuisancebutatime-honoredexperimentalsubject,hasenabledthesecretsofhowembryosdeveloptobegintobeunraveledbyscientists.
A.Studyingthefruitfly,ahouseholdnuisancebutatime-honoredexperimentalsubject,hasenabledthesecretsofhowembryosdeveloptobegintobeunraveledbyscientists.
B.Bythestudyofthefruitfly,ahouseholdnuisanceandalsoatime-honoredexperimentalsubject,itwaspossibleforthesecretsofhowembryosdeveloptobegintobeunraveledbyscientists.
C.Bystudyingahouseholdnuisancebutatime-honoredexperimentalsubject,thefruitflyenabledscientiststobegintounravelthesecretsofhowembryosdevelop.
D.Bystudyingthefruitfly,ahouseholdnuisanceandalsoatime-honoredexperimentalsubject,thesecretsofhowembryosdeveloparebeginningtobeunraveledbyscientists.(E)
E.Thestudyofthefruitfly,ahouseholdnuisancebutatime-honoredexperimentalsubject,hasenabledscientiststobegintounravelthesecretsofhowembryosdevelop.
题目释义：Thestudyofthefruitfly,....,has...
时态，逻辑含义
1.enable固定搭配：enablesb.todosth.错误搭配：enablesth.tobedonebysb.
A.studying的使用awkward，咋读让人感觉ahouseholdnuisance是逻辑主语，也有可能studying与hasenabled构成句子，所以应该用名词study更为清晰；enablesth.tobedone错误。
B.文中并不清楚究竟是谁做了study；被动语态awkward；andalso改变句意
C.thefruitfly是bystudying的主语逻辑意思不合理；不是fruitfly使得科学家，而是对fruitfly的研究使得科学家如何如何；一般过去时表示了现在已经不enable了，错误。
D.thesecrets是bystudying的逻辑主语错误，且studying与主语之间距离太远，咋读有修饰ahouseholdnuisance的歧义，句式不好；andalso改变句意；现在进行时减少了原句中应有的含义，原句用了hasenabled现在完成时表示了早先就enable了。
E.Correct
后面不接被动语态的动词或动词短语：
lead;cause;enable;become;receive;visit;Lack;enter;cost;possess;resemble;last;like;enjoy;notice;watch;lookat;listento;payattentionto;suit;fit;contain;soastodo;beabletodo;belikelytodo
A.2005andthentostabilizeatsixbillioncubicfeetaday,whichwillallowsuchanextractionrateatleastfor
B.2005andthentostabilizeatsixbillioncubicfeetaday,anextractionratethatwillallowatleast
C.2005andthenstabilizingatsixbillioncubicfeetaday,withsuchanextractionrateattheleastallowing
D.2005,thenstabilizingatsixbillioncubicfeetaday,allowingsuchanextractionrateforatleast(B)
E.2005,thenstabilizingatsixbillioncubicfeetaday,whichwillallowsuchanextractionrateforatleast
题目释义：Theyieldofnaturalgas...isexpectedto...andthento...,anextractionratethat...
逻辑意思，句子结构，动词形式
A.which不能修饰整个句子，在这里which指代了theextractionrate，逻辑错误；atleast修饰50years’production才合理。
B.Correct；toincreaseandtostabilize并列结构合理。
C.thenstabilizing与toincrease不平行；with引导的伴随状语错误；attheleast错误词组，应该是atleast；atleast修饰allowing不合理。
D.thenstabilizing做toincrease的伴随状语逻辑错误；allowing引导的短语修饰对象不明，可以做stablizing的伴随状语(此时嵌套的修饰awkward)，也可以做主句的伴随状语(此时allowing前需要加上and)。
E.stabilizing做结果或伴随逻辑意思不合理；which就近修饰theextractionrate逻辑意思不合理。
OG12-63的解释：
Rhetoricalconstruction;Verbform;Logicalpredication
ThesentenceisaboutpredicationsthatTrollgasfield’syieldwouldincreaseuntilitstabilizedataparticularextractionratein2005.Thetermextractionratereferstosixbillioncubicfeetaday,soitisredundantandconfusinglycirculartorenamesixbillioncubicfeetwiththerelativepronounwhichinthesubjectpositionandthenreintroduceextractionrateastheobject.
ATherelativephrasebeginningwithwhichisnonsensical,sincethepronounreferenceisinaccurate,andthephraseessentiallysaysthattheextractionrateenablestheextractionrate.
BCorrect.Theinfinitivetostabilizeparallelstoincrease;informationaboutthesixbillioncubicfeetadayisexpressedclearlyandconciselyinanappositivephrasecontainingarelativeclause(anextractionratethatwillallow…).
CThephrasingisawkwardandunclear;stabilizingisanincorrectverbform;itshouldbeaninfinitivetoparalleltoincrease.
DStabilizingisanincorrectverbform;itshouldbeaninfinitivetoparalleltoincrease;thesubsequentphraseisawkwardandconfusingbecauseitisnotclearwhatnounallowingissupposedtomodify.
EStabilizingviolatestherequirementofparallelism,andwhichintroducesanonsensicalredundancy,effectivelymakingtheclaimthattheextractionrate(sixbillioncubicfeet)enablestheextractionrate.
ThecorrectanswerisB.
Despitethegrowingnumberofpeoplewhopurchaseplaneticketsonline,airlineexecutivesareconvincedthat,justasone-thirdofbankcustomersstillpreferhumantellerstoautomatictellermachines,manytravelerswillstillusetravelagents.
A.growingnumberofpeoplewhopurchaseplaneticketsonline,airlineexecutivesareconvincedthat,justasone-thirdofbankcustomersstillpreferhumantellerstoautomatictellermachines,manytravelerswill
B.growingnumberofpeoplewhopurchaseplaneticketsonline,airlineexecutivesareconvinced,justasone-thirdofbankcustomersstillpreferhumantellerstoautomatictellermachines,thatmanytravelerswould
C.growingnumberofpeoplepurchasingplaneticketsonline,airlineexecutivesareconvinced,justasone-thirdofbankcustomersstillpreferhumantellersascomparedtoautomatictellermachines,manytravelerswill
D.factthatthenumberofpeoplepurchasingplaneticketsonlineisgrowing,airlineexecutivesareconvinced,justasone-thirdofbankcustomersstillpreferhumantellersascomparedtoautomatictellermachines,thatmanytravelerswould(A)
E.factthatthenumberofpeoplewhopurchaseplaneticketsonlinearegrowing,airlineexecutivesareconvincedthat,justasone-thirdofbankcustomersstillpreferhumantellerscomparedwithautomatictellermachines,manytravelerswould
题目释义：Despitethegrowingnumber....,airlineexecutivesareconvincedthat,justas...,manytravellers...
句子结构，平行结构
1.justas…,as/so…结构中as/so可省
A.Correct。
B.justas与manytravelerswill…并列，所以应该放在that后面；would表示不确定性或，过去时态，两种可能性都不对，所以would用法错。
E.Despitethefactthat不简洁；thenumberofpeople是单数，are应该改为is；prefer…comparedwith…错；would错误同B
EmilyDickinson’sletterstoSusanHuntingtonDickinsonwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrotherandendingshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886,outnumberingherletterstoanyoneelse.
A.DickinsonwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrotherandendingshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886,outnumbering
B.DickinsonwerewrittenoveraperiodthatbeginsafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrotherandendedshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886,outnumber
C.Dickinson,writtenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrotherandthatendsshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886andoutnumbering
D.Dickinson,whichwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrother,endingshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886,andoutnumbering(E)
E.Dickinson,whichwerewrittenoveraperiodbeginningafewyearsbeforeSusan’smarriagetoEmily’sbrotherandendingshortlybeforeEmily’sdeathin1886,outnumber
题目释义：EmilyDickinson’sletters,which...,outnumber
句子结构;平行结构
B.end与begin并列，begin时态不正确；outnumber没有主语
C.andthat没有并列对象，结构不平行；句子缺谓语动词
D.outnumbering没有并列对象；句子缺谓语动词
A.whichmadeiteasierforthem
B.whichmakesiteasierforit
C.thusmakingiteasierforthem
D.thusmakingiteasierfortheant(D)
E.thereby,itwasmadeeasierfortheant
题目释义：Manyentomologistssaythatcampaigns.....havefailed....,thusmaking....
A.which就近修饰enemies，逻辑意思不合理；them无指代对象。
B.which就近修饰enemies错误；第一个it所指代的东西在第二个it之后，显得很笨拙。
C.them无指代对象。
D.Correct；making做结果状语
E.thereby是副词，而且只是插入成分，两句话见没有连词，run-onsentence；itwasmadeeasierfortheanttospread中it指代后面的tospread，但是表达太拙劣，而且make的动作发出者不明，割裂了thereby前后句子的关系。
1.现在分词短语在句尾:表伴随动作,状态,功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生，逻辑主语等于句子主语，表伴随结果，整个句子是原因，导致分词动作产生，无逻辑主语。可以在分词前加thus，thereby，ineffect等副词，也可以不加。
2.过去分词短语在句尾，一般优先就近作定语修饰名词，–ed分词短语在句首,其逻辑主语等于句子的主语。
TransWorldEntertainmentCorporation,whichownstheRecordTownandSaturdayMatineeretailchains,announcedthatsincesalesofuptoone-fourthofitsstoresarepoor,theywillbeclosed.
A.thatsincesalesofuptoone-fourthofitsstoresarepoor,theywillbeclosed
B.itisclosinguptoone-fourthofitsstores,whichaccountedforitspoorsales
C.itwasclosinguptoonefourthofitsstoresbecauseofpoorsales
D.tobeclosing,onaccountofpoorsales,uptoone-fourthofitsstores(C)
E.havingpoorsales,suchthatuptoone-fourthofitsstoreswillbeclosed
题目释义：TWECannounceditwas……becauseof……
1.时态要（根据句子意思）保持一致
2.代词指代
3.固定搭配：accountfor：tobethereasonwhysomethinghappens
·Recentpressureatworkmayaccountforhisbehavior.
4.announce固定搭配：
(1)announcesomethingtosomebody或者announcetosomebodysomething(相当于宾语后置)
(2)announceadecision/intention/plan(在这个时候如果plan等后面接todo不会产生todo做状语修饰announce的歧义)*:Thegovernmenthasannouncedplanstocreate10,000newjobs.
(3)announce(that)
(4)announcesomebody/yourself通报...的到达;通知...已准备好（注意这个短语有专门意思）
错误用法：
(1)announcetodo/besth.
5.句子以简洁有效为美
6.suchthat表达的是强调含义，与sothat表达目的（后面加情态动词时）的含义不同：so是副词，一般修饰形容词，such是名词，一般指代前面的名词。
A.时态错误,TWECannouncedthatsincesales……arepoor,theywill…,announced与are,will时态不一致；此外，they在语法上可以指代sales，但是在逻辑上应该指代itsstores，存在歧义，不正确。
B．时态错误，同A。首先，在此which只有指代了前面整句逻辑才合理，但which在GMAT里面无法指代前面整句。其次即便which能指代前面整句，whichaccountfor:说明（解释）…的原因，此处将句意变为了“关门是poorsales的原因”，所以不正确。
C．Correct；如果宾语从句引导词that不补出，依然能使正常读者清晰断句，且announce后面常常不补出。
D．announcetodo是错的，正确用法是announcesth.或者announce+从句；（onaccountof是否可用，仍待GMAT另外说明，从未在正确句子中出现过）。
E．announcehavingpoorsales累赘(having是一个动名词gerund)，unidiomatic；will时态错误，同A；suchthat用法错误。
TRANSWORLDENTERTAINMENTCORP.,Albany,whichownstheRecordTownandSaturdayMatineeretailchains,announcedthatitwasclosinguptoone-fourthofitsstoresbecauseofpoorsales.Thecompanyclosed180storeslastyear.
2.becauseof与onaccountof：
becauseof意为"由于，因为"，强调因果关系，在句中仅作状语。becauseof既可表示好的原因，也可表示坏的。大多数情况都是用于造成不太好结果的原因。
onaccountof与becauseof同义，但语气较为正式。onaccountof非常客观的表示原因，适用于任何情况，可作状语、表语，不作定语。
Caribouarewaryanimalswithexcellenthearing,sostalkingthemoverthetreelesslandscape,gettingcloseenoughtokillitwithnothingbutahandheldlance,asDorsetpeopledid,requiredexceptionalhuntingskill.
A.sostalkingthemoverthetreelesslandscape,gettingcloseenoughtokillit
B.sotostalkthemoverthetreelesslandscapeandgetcloseenoughtokillone
C.soinordertostalkthemoverthetreelesslandscapeandgetcloseenoughtokillone
D.andsoinordertostalkitoverthetreelesslandscape,gettingcloseenoughtokillit(B)
E.andsostalkingthemoverthetreelesslandscapeandgettingcloseenoughinordertokillit
题目释义：Caribouare……,sotostalk……andget……required…….
1.one和it的用法。it指代上文提到过的那个东西，而one泛指那一类东西的某一个。根据上下语境，要kill的并不是具体的某一个Caribou，而是任何一个，并且it只能指代在句子中出现的单数名词。
A.stalking与getting缺少连词；it错误，其无法指代caribou(caribou为复数)，应该用one表示泛指。
B.Correct；so作连词，tostalkandget作主语，required是谓语；不定式作名词短语未必需要并列出to；用不定式作主语还是用现在分词作主语差别不大，但仍有些许区别，在此作为假设的动作用不定式显得更加合适(依此点可以直接选出B)。
C.inordertodo是目的状语，不能做为名次成分，使得后半句没有主语，而且inordertodo不如直接todo来得简洁，错误。
D.and后半句没有主句，只有so引导的结果状语，其实and多余，应该删去；且so和inorderto语义重复；inorderto目的状语无法修饰逻辑主语gettingcloseenough，且逻辑错误；it错误同A。
E.and后半句没有主句；inordertokill不如tokill简洁，且enoughinorderto表达unidiomatic。
D.Assecretaryoflabor,FrancesPerkinsusedherconsiderableinfluencewithFranklinD.Roosevelttoprevent(D)
题目释义：As…,FrancesPerkinsused……todo……
1.(1)Doingsth.,SVO.结构中doing分词作伴随状语，其逻辑主语为主句主语，即是doing的动作由S发出(2)Beingsth.,SVO.结构中being分词做形容词，直接修饰主句主语。
(3)as+n,SVO.主句主语与as后的名词是对等概念，表达“作为”用as是最佳，being（that）累赘。
2.considerable:相当多的；considerate：体贴的，体谅的
3.固定搭配usetodo，preventsb.fromdoing.
4.冠词与逗号的使用规则：参见prepsc1-228补充说明
5.influence(withsb)abilitytoobtainfavourabletreatmentfromsb,usubymeansofacquaintance,status,wealth,etc.权力;势力;权势:
Shehasgreatinfluencewiththemanagerandcouldnodoubthelpyou.她对经理很有影响力,无疑能帮你忙.
A.beingthat错误；use固定搭配用法错。
B.influence和secretaryoflabor概念不对等；use用了被动语态，使得influence的动作发出者不明。
C.beingsecretaryoflabor修饰influence错误，概念上不对等；use错误同B。
D.Correct；仅仅从主语修饰成分即可排除A，B，C，E而仅留下D；assecretaryoflabor中用了as有伴随之意，即伴随说明”是FrancesPerkins作为secretaryoflabor时发生的事情”。
E.Secretaryoflabor同位修饰influence错误，而事实上即便改为Secretaryoflabor,FrancesPerkins也是不太恰当的，因为如果把职位、称号放在人名前面，如果没有冠词，或者有定冠词，就不用逗号；而且beusedoingsth.搭配错误；influencewasusedwithFDRpreventing中influencewithsb.搭配错误；use固定搭配用法错。
Rocksamplestakenfromtheremainsofanasteroidabouttwicethesizeofthe6-mile-wideasteroidthateradicatedthedinosaurshasbeendatedtobe3.47billionyearsoldandthusisevidenceoftheearliestknownasteroidimpactonEarth.
A.hasbeendatedtobe3.47billionyearsoldandthusis
B.hasbeendatedat3.47billionyearsoldandthus
C.havebeendatedtobe3.47billionyearsoldandthusare
D.havebeendatedasbeing3.47billionyearsoldandthus(E)
E.havebeendatedat3.47billionyearsoldandthusare
题目释义：Rocksamples……havebeendatedatxyearsoldandthusare……
1.主谓一致，名词复数作主语，其谓语也用负数
2.Date的固定搭配：dateto后面是ago，且to后面直接接年代数字（不需要接be）；dateat后面与old搭配。(具体参见prep1-256)
A．谓语has和is错，主语是rocksamples，谓语要用复数；datedtobe3.47billionyearsold搭配错误。
B．has主谓不一致；and前后时态不一致，不应该省略后面的be动词；
C．bedatedtobe错，bedatedto与old搭配错
D．dateasbeing搭配错误；and前后时态不一致，不应该省略后面的be动词
E．Correct。
AlthoughshehadbeenknownasaneffectivelegislatorfirstintheTexasSenateandlaterintheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,notuntilBarbaraJordan’sparticipationinthehearingsontheimpeachmentofPresidentRichardNixonin1974wasshemadeanationallyrecognizedfigure,asitwastelevisednationwide.
A.laterintheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,notuntilBarbaraJordan’sparticipationinthehearingsontheimpeachmentofPresidentRichardNixonin1974wasshemadeanationallyrecognizedfigure,asitwas
B.laterintheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,BarbaraJordandidnotbecomeanationallyrecognizedfigureuntil1974,whensheparticipatedinthehearingsontheimpeachmentofPresidentRichardNixon,whichwere
C.laterintheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,itwasnotuntil1974thatBarbaraJordanbecameanationallyrecognizedfigure,withherparticipationinthehearingsontheimpeachmentofPresidentRichardNixon,whichwas
D.thenalsolaterintheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,notuntil1974didBarbaraJordanbecomeanationallyrecognizedfigure,assheparticipatedinthehearingsontheimpeachmentofPresidentRichardNixon,being(B)
E.thenalsolaterintheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,BarbaraJordandidnotbecomeanationallyrecognizedfigureuntil1974,whensheparticipatedinthehearingsontheimpeachmentofPresidentRichardNixon,whichwas
题目释义：Althoughshehadbeenknown……，BarbaraJordandidnot……，whenshe……
1.then与later用词重复
2.定语从句可以根据动词的单复数形式来实现跳跃修饰，使句子符合逻辑
此处的impeachment是一种法律程序，impeach的英文解释为：Ifagovernmentofficialisimpeached,theyareformallychargedwithaseriouscrimeinaspecialgovernmentcourt:
e.g.：Thegovernorwasimpeachedforusingstatefundsimproperly.
因此电视直播的只能是有关这一法律程序的听证会，所以which从句只能修饰hearings，而不是这一法律程序本身。
3.主从句对位指代：如果主从句主语相同，那么当主句在前时，主句主语要用名词，从句主语要用代词；当从句在前是，从句主语可以用名词也可以用代词，当从句主语用代词时，主句要用名词，当从句主语用名词时，主句主语用代词指代从句主语。
A.打破主从句对位指代规则，句式awkward——即she为although引导的让步状语从句的主语，那么最好主语一开头就是she所指代的对象，也就是BarbaraJordan，而不是notuntil；shemadeanationallyrecognizedfigure较口语化，用become更好；hearings是复数，不能用it指代。
B.Correct；句式简洁明确，层层递进(很明显的正确选项特征)，且符合主从句对位指代规则。
C.主句主语用BarbaraJordan比较好；with引导的独立主格做伴随逻辑意思不合理；定语从句的谓语动词was主谓不一致，应该用were。
D.主句主语用BarbaraJordan比较好；then与later用词重复；用as来引导伴随状语逻辑含义不合理；being做伴随状语，其逻辑主语是she，逻辑含义错误。
E.错误同DC
本题存在部分倒装：
Therearenolegallimits,asthereareforcodandhaddock,onthesizeofmonkfishthatcanbecaught,acircumstancethatcontributestotheirdepletionthroughoverfishing.
A.Therearenolegallimits,asthereareforcodandhaddock,onthesizeofmonkfishthatcanbecaught,acircumstancethatcontributestotheirdepletionthroughoverfishing.
B.Therearenolegallimitsonthesizeofmonkfishthatcanbecaught,unlikecodorhaddock,acircumstancethatcontributestodepletingthembecausetheyarebeingoverfished.
C.Therearelegallimitsonthesizeofcodandhaddockthatcanbecaught,butnotformonkfish,whichcontributestoitsdepletionthroughoverfishing.
D.Unlikecodandhaddock,therearenolegalsizelimitsoncatchingmonkfish,whichcontributestoitsdepletionbybeingoverfished.(A)
E.Unlikecatchingcodandhaddock,therearenolegalsizelimitsoncatchingmonkfish,contributingtotheirdepletionbecausetheyareoverfished.
题目释义：Thereare……，asthereare……，acircumstancethat……
没有像鳕鱼和黑线鳕鱼那样有关于捕捞尺寸的法律保护是安康鱼被过度捕捞的原因之一
1.like/unlikeA,S.V.O.中S与A一定要可比，绝对对称。
2.which/it不能指代一句话，常用同位结构进行替换，例如可以使用discovery/fact等名词总结一句话
3.limit的固定搭配：
n.:limitonsth.;limittodosth.limitforsb./sth.
Thetimelimitformakingclaimsisthreemonths.
vt.:limitsb.tosth.;limitsth.(tosth.);belimitedtosth
A.Correct；monkfish单复数同型(见补充说明)，their指代monkfish；therebe句型的平行要补出therebe。
B.unlike的两个对象不可比(sizev.s.monkfish)，且放在中间，易产生修饰歧义；depletingthem是主动语态，可是动作发出者又不明，错误；用because引导的原因状语从句来表示方式太过于累赘。
C.which不能指代一句话；应该用their来指代monkfish，因为monkfish前面没有冠词，所以是复数。
D.unlike比较双方不可比；its指代复数名词monkfish错误；by不如through好；beingoverfished修饰了contributes与contributes的逻辑主语which，不合理。
E.Unlike比较双方不可比；前面therebe句型是主系表结构，所以后面contributing不能表示伴随结构，而是作为形容词修饰前面的名词catchingmonkfish；用because引导的原因状语从句来表示方式太过于累赘。
1.through和by的区别：
throughdoing往往是指达成、做到一个结果所做的行为，如本题的depletion就是一个结果。
bydoing往往是指为了做某事而行使的行为。
两者差别细微，却可以用于迅速判题，如本题用depletion和through搭配更合理，可以得出D选项不如A，C选项。
2.关于monkfish,fish的单复数识别：
if"fish"issingular,itmustbeusedWITHANARTICLE("a","the",etc.)
isawafishswimmingbeneathme-->singular(1fish)
isawfishswimmingbeneathme-->plural(multiplefish)
Inattemptingtosolvetheproblemscausedbyaloweringofthepriceofoil,oilcompaniesoperatingintheNorthSeahavetakenavarietyofapproaches,whichincludestheirreducingemployment,usingnewtechnologytopumpoilmoreefficientlyfromsmallerfields,andfindinginnovativewaystocutthecostofbuildingandoperatingplatforms.
A.whichincludestheirreducingemployment,usingnewtechnologytopumpoilmoreefficiently
B.whichincludesreducingemployment,usingnewtechnologytobemoreefficientinpumpingoil
C.whichincludereducingemployment,usingnewtechnologytopumpoilmoreefficiently
D.whichincludethereductionofemployment,theirusingnewtechnologytopumpoilmoreefficiently(C)
E.includingareductionofemployment,theiruseofnewtechnologytobemoreefficientatpumpingoil
题目释义：Inattemptingtosolve……，oilcompanieshavetaken……，which……，using……
1.平行结构中要注意平行对象要对等（形式和功能），动作性名词不能和名词性名词平行并列
2.(1)“avarietyof/anumberof+复数名词”后面谓语用复数形式；
(2)thenumberof/thevarietyof+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；
(3)“abodyof/acollectionof/anarraryof/aseriesof/asetof/aportionof/agroupof/aconstellationof/ateamof+复数名词”作主语后面谓语都用单数形式，因为body/collection等被视作集合名词(collectivenoun)，后面是of引导的介宾短语做形容词。
A.avarietyof+复数名词，谓语动词用复数，且which引导的定语从句修饰approaches，所以includes错；theirreducing中their多余(有效性错误)。
B.includes主谓不一致错误；usingnewtechnologytobemoreefficient改变句意，变得不合理(更加有效率地使用新技术，合理句意应该是新技术使得pump更加有效率)；在做某事有效率要用atdoingsth.。
C.Correct；reducing,using,finding三者平行。
D.reduction，theirusing与finding不平行
E.reduction，use与finding不平行；useofnewtechnologytobemoreefficient改变句意，变得不合理(更加有效率地使用新技术，合理句意应该是新技术使得pump更加有效率)
1.Inattemptto与inattemptingto没有区别
2.Efficientat与efficientindoingsth.：
In:在某方面节约有效Theheatingsystemisveryefficientinitsuseofoffuel.
FossilsofthearmofaslothfoundinPuertoRicoin1991,anddatedat34millionyearsold,madeittheearliestknownmammaloftheGreaterAntillesislands.
A.slothfoundinPuertoRicoin1991,anddatedat34millionyearsold,madeittheearliestknownmammalof
B.sloth,thattheyfoundinPuertoRicoin1991,hasbeendatedat34millionyearsold,thusmakingittheearliestmammalknownon
C.sloththatwasfoundinPuertoRicoin1991,wasdatedat34millionyearsold,makingthistheearliestknownmammalof
D.sloth,foundinPuertoRicoin1991,havebeendatedat34millionyearsold,makingthesloththeearliestknownmammalon(D)
E.slothwhich,foundinPuertoRicoin1991,wasdatedat34millionyearsold,madethesloththeearliestknownmammalof
题目释义：Fossils……havebeendated……，making……
1.定语从句：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
2.主谓一致
A.dated与found都是过去分词，共同修饰fossils，and前面不需要逗号；fossils使得sloth成为earliestknownmammal逻辑意思不对，应该是年份鉴定的结果使之成为earliestknownmammal；it指代不清楚，代词难以指到介词的宾语
B.thatthey中的they无指代；that引导的是限制性定语从句，与先行词之间不能加逗号，且当先行词在定语从句中做宾语时关系代词不必补出；has错，fossils是复数名词，应该使用have；it指代不清；主句与伴随状语makingit…无因果关系，不应用thus
C.thatwas可以省略，且应该用thatwere；谓语动词应该用复数形式；this无所指
D.Correct；found修饰fossils；havebeendated是句子的谓语部分，主语是fossils，making伴随表结果；bedatedat/to…yearsold都是对的。
E.非限制性定语从句前应该加上逗号；定语从句谓语动词形式错误，应该用复数
OG12-78解释：
Agreement;Logicalpredication
Thesubjectofthesentenceisthepluralfossils,notsloth,andthereforerequiresapluralverb.Itthereforedoesnothaveasingularantecedent.Toclarifytheidentificationoftheoldestknownmammal,thenountheslothmustbeexplicitlyidentified.
ABecauseslothistheobjectofaprepositionandnotthesubjectofthesentence,thereisnoreasonableantecedentforthepronounit;inthisconstruction,thesubjectofmadeisfossils,butitmakesnosensetosaythatthefossilsmadeittheearliestknownmammal.
BTheintroductionofthemysteriousthey,apronounwithoutareference,addsconfusiontothissentence;thesingularverbdoesnotagreewiththepluralsubject.
CTherelativeclausethatwas…iswordyandawkward;thesingularverbdoesnotagreewiththepluralsubject.
DCorrect.Thepluralverbagreeswithitspluralsubject,andtheslothisexplicitlyidentifiedastheearliestknownmammal.
EThesingularverbdoesnotagreewiththepluralsubject.
Thefactofsomefraternaltwinsresemblingeachothergreatlyandotherslookingquitedissimilarhighlightsaninterestingandoftenoverlookedfeatureoffraternal-twinpairs,namelytheyvaryconsiderablyonaspectrumofgeneticrelatedness.
A.Thefactofsomefraternaltwinsresemblingeachothergreatlyandotherslookingquitedissimilarhighlightsaninterestingandoftenoverlookedfeatureoffraternal-twinpairs,namelytheyvaryconsiderably
B.Thatsomefraternaltwinsresembleeachothergreatlywhileotherslookquitedissimilarhighlightsaninterestingandoftenoverlookedfeatureoffraternal-twinpairs,namelythattheyvaryconsiderably
C.Withsomefraternaltwinsresemblingeachothergreatlyandotherslookingquitedissimilar,ithighlightsaninterestingandoftenoverlookedfeatureoffraternal-twinpairs,namelyconsiderablevariation
D.Withsomefraternaltwinsresemblingeachothergreatlyandotherslookingquitedissimilar,itisafactthathighlightsaninterestingandoftenoverlookedfeatureoffraternal-twinpairs,namelyaconsiderablevariation(B)
E.Becausesomefraternaltwinsresembleeachothergreatlyandotherslookquitedissimilar,thisfacthighlightsaninterestingandoftenoverlookedfeatureoffraternal-twinpairs,namelytheyvaryconsiderably
题目释义：That……highlights……，namelythat……
1.one与another搭配；some和others搭配；each和theother搭配；eachother和others搭配
2.namely的用法十分灵活：（=thatistosay,alongwith）.它是副词，后面不能直接加句子
（1）补充说明前面离它最近的名词成分；e.g.:Theotherchange,namelytheincreaseinelectronicequipment,hassloweddown.
（2）补充说明句子主语；e.g.：Onegroupofpeopleseemstobeforgotten,namelypensioners.
（3）namely后面跟从句解释前面的名词成分；e.g.:Onthenexttrip,Isolvedpartoftheproblem,butafterdiscussingthesituationwithABonthephoneanalternativesolutionwasathand;namely,thatfrom1987onwardsIwouldspendmywintersplayingforQueensland.
A.thefact后面用of无法完全解释fact的内容，应该用that引导的同位语从句，来说明twins发生了什么fact(更多详见补充)；namely是副词，后面直接加句子错，应该加上连词that；
B.Correct；本句是namely上述的第2种用法，本句亦可调换顺序改为第一种用法：Thatsomefraternaltwinsresembleeachothergreatlywhileotherslookquitedissimilar,namelythattheyvaryconsiderably,highlightsaninterestingandoftenoverlookedfeatureoffraternal-twinpairs.从形合的角度，that…,namelythat…更为对称，直接只剩下B选项；另外，"namelythattheyvary..."和"namelyconsiderablevariation"语法上都是没有问题的，这一点直接排除A,E，留下B,C,D，再根据需要标明variation的主体，所以用theyvary更好，排除C,D；somefraternaltwinsresemblingeachothergreatly和otherslookingquitedissimilar是成对比的两样事物，用while连接比用and连接更好。
C.It无所指；somefraternaltwinsresemblingeachothergreatly和otherslookingquitedissimilar是成对比的两样事物，应该用while连接更好；with独立主格的逻辑主语错误；variation与feature并不对等，因此namely无补充说明对象。
D.It指代正确，因为是结构itisafactthat结构的一部分，强调句；afact无所指；with独立主格错误同C；namely无补充说明对象。
E.Because引导的是原因状语从句，而并不是名词性从句，使得thisfact无所指；namely后应该加上that。
thefactof在GMAT中从未成为过正确选项，必须用that引导同位语从句修饰fact，例：
1.Chroniclow-levelleakingandtheroutinedischargeofdrillingmudandmineralsaltspresentconsiderableenvironmentalriskduringoffshoreoildrilling.
(A)Chroniclow-levelleakingandtheroutinedischargeofdrillingmudandmineralsaltspresentconsiderableenvironmentalriskduringoffshoreoildrilling.
(B)Thereasonoffshoreoildrillingpresentsaconsiderablyenvironmentalriskisbecauseofchroniclow-levelleakingandtheroutinedischargeofdrillingmudandmineralsalts.
(C)Aconsiderablerisktotheenvironmentispresentedduringoffshoreoildrilling,wherelow-levelleaksarechronicandtheroutinedischargeofmudandmineralsalts.
(D)Offshoreoildrillingpresentsaconsiderablerisktotheenvironmentduetothefactofchroniclow-levelleaks,andmudandmineralsaltsareroutinelydischarged.
(E)Chroniclow-levelleaking,alongwiththeroutinedischargeofdrillingmudandmineralsalts,arewhatmakeoffshoreoildrillingenvironmentallyrisky.
正确答案为A
2.Darwinwasnotthefirsttoadvanceatheoryofevolution;histremendousoriginalitylayinthefactthatheproposedtheideaofnaturalselectionasthemeansbywhichevolutionworked.
(A)layinthefactthatheproposedtheidea
(B)layinthefactofhisproposingtheidea
(C)laidinthefactofhisproposingtheidea
(D)laidinhisproposal
(E)layinhisproposal
正确答案为E
3.Adiscussionofournation’sforeignpolicymustbeginwiththefactoftherebeinganindependentWesternEuropewhichnowthinksofitselfintrans-nationalistterms.
(A)Adiscussionofournation’sforeignpolicymustbeginwiththefactoftherebeing
(B)Beginninganydiscussionofournation’sforeignpolicymustbethefactoftherebeing
(C)Anydiscussionofournation’sforeignpolicymustbeginwiththefactthatthereis
(D)Anydiscussionofournation’sforeignpolicymustbeginbyacknowledgingtheexistenceof
(E)Tobegindiscussingournation’sforeignpolicytheemustbeanacknowledgmentofthefactthat