债券登记托管法律制度是证券登记托管制度的组成部分,是债券市场运行的基本法律制度,是包括债券登记、托管在内的一系列法律制度的统称。由于债券概念并未完全囊括于《中华人民共和国证券法》(以下简称《证券法》)中,债券登记的法律属性、中央托管机构(CSD)进行托管的法律性质等问题存在争议。本文主要从登记、托管法律制度的民法和证券法法理基础开展研究。
债券登记的法理基础
(一)债与债券
1.民法上的债与债券
在传统民事法律概念中,债是债权债务法律关系的代表,“是特定人之间请求为一定行为或不为一定行为的关系”。《中华人民共和国民法典》(以下简称《民法典》)第四百四十条将债券定性为“权利”。债券作为有价证券的典型代表之一,是权利的集合。债券的权利人享有该只债券包含的一切权利,包括要求债务人按时还本付息、出质、买卖的权利等。
2.证券法上的债券
我国现行的《证券法》并没有将所有的债券品种纳入其中。《证券法》第二条规定公司债券、上市交易的政府债券以及资产支持证券适用《证券法》,而银行间债券市场的金融债券、非金融企业债务融资工具等品种的发行、交易、登记、托管、结算等,由中国人民银行及其指定机构依照《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》等制定的现行有关规定管理。
3.债券权利的法律定位
债券权利是一种复合型权利,是特殊的财产权利,表征多种权益的复杂法律关系。债券上有两种权利:一是持有债券的权益,即债券持有人持有债券并享有债券上相应的权利。在实物券时代,债券体现为实体财产,债券的持有人即推定为权利人,享有债券上的各项权益,如要求发行人进行付息兑付的权利、进行出质的权利。当前债券形态从有纸化转变为无纸化,但债券的权利本质没有变化。二是债券所代表的权利义务关系,即从债券持有人与发行人之间的关系出发进行考察,债券代表的是一种债权债务关系,债券持有人与发行人因为债券建立了债权债务联系,双方需各自履行债权债务关系下的权利义务。
(二)债券登记的法理基础
债券登记与不动产物权登记有近似的法理基础,尤其是在无纸化的今天,债券登记除了表彰所有者权利,即确认所有者权利,更具有排除他人侵害其财产权益的功能,即权利保护功能,类似《证券法》中的股权登记制度。债券登记具体规则可参照股权登记规则制定,债券登记规则与其他民事财产登记规则如不动产登记规则一样,都属于特别民事规则,作为民法特别法存在。
1.债券登记是对债券权利的确认
债券登记确认的是谁是债券权利人、谁可以行使债券上权利的问题,调整的依然是人与“物”的关系。我国《民法典》也认可权利可以作为物权客体。对于债券登记是权利确认这一点,现行法律法规也有明确表述,例如《中华人民共和国国债托管管理暂行办法》第十九条规定“托管账户所载明的余额是客户拥有国债数额的唯一法定依据”。因此,在证券无纸化背景之下,无纸化证券和记名证券财产权利的公示需要登记制度来实现。
2.债券质押登记具有明确的法律规定
《民法典》第四百四十一条对无纸化债券出质作出明确规定:以债券出质的,质权自权利凭证交付质权人时设立;没有权利凭证的,质权自办理出质登记时设立。传统物权法上,不动产只能设置抵押,以抵押登记为确权依据;一般动产及权利只能设置质押,动产质权以交付为确权依据,权利质权以凭证交付或登记(没有权利凭证的)为确权依据。该条款至少明确释放了如下两个信息:
其二,《民法典》物权编明确了无纸化债券出质的确权方式是登记。尽管债券设置的担保物权是质权,但无纸化债券的质押确权方式却不是传统动产质权的交付,而是自出质登记时设立,显示了《民法典》在无纸化债券登记上的鲜明立场。设置担保本就是债券权利集合中的一项重要的权利类别,债券作为担保品的作用也日益凸显,在《民法典》已经对无纸化债券质权作出明确规定的基础上,对于债券登记的整体法律解释也应顺应其基本规定。
3.债券登记应遵循公示、公信原则
债券登记制度遵循物权登记制度的基本法理。登记制度是民法物权的公示方法,公示、公信原则是民法物权的基本原则。公示原则是立法者为了使物权法律关系更加清晰、保证法律交易的安全而在物权法律中确立的一项基本原则。物权公示原则意味着无论动产还是不动产上的物权都应当可以从外部加以认识,在因民事法律行为导致物权设立、变更、转让或消灭时,须通过法定的方式向外界加以展示,使他人知悉,否则无法产生一定的法律效果。公信原则是指对于信赖物权存在外观表象的人,即使在该外观表象与实际物权情况并不相符的情形下,也保护该信赖之原则。公示原则在于使人“知”,公信原则在于使人“信”。
4.债券登记的集中统一登记原则
我国《证券法》对证券登记结算机构的定位、职能做出原则性规定,确定了证券集中登记原则。《证券法》第一百四十五条规定,证券登记结算机构为证券交易提供集中登记、存管与结算服务;第一百四十八条规定,场内交易的证券应采取全国集中统一的运营方式;第一百五十一条规定,证券登记结算机构应当根据证券登记结算的结果确认证券持有人持有证券的事实。学者普遍认为,根据《证券法》的规定,证券登记结算机构的登记是对证券权利归属的确认。但是,由于我国债券的概念并未完全包括在《证券法》中,债券登记的中央确权并未囊括其中。债券登记的中央确权通过《中华人民共和国国债托管管理暂行办法》《地方政府债券发行管理办法》《银行间债券市场债券登记托管结算管理办法》等部门规章或规范性文件明确。《中华人民共和国证券投资基金法》也认定基金份额由登记机构确认时,申购才能生效。
5.债券登记的域外法规范
从域外的立法实践来看,证券登记的法律效力通过立法专门规定,并不完全依赖于传统民法体系中的物权制度和合同制度。
(1)美国。美国的《统一商法典》第八章创设了“证券权益”(securityentitlement,有时也被翻译为“证券权”)概念,以此表彰多层托管、间接持有体制下投资者的权益。证券权益实质上是一种财产权益,描述的是证券权益持有人与其直接托管证券的证券中介之间的一揽子权利与职责关系。该法第八章同时规定了无纸化证券之证券权益的转让方式。依据第8-501条规定,当证券中介将金融资产通过账面记录记入投资者的证券账户时,该投资者即获得证券权益。
(2)英国。英国于2001年正式实施《2001年无纸化证券法令》(theUncertificatedSecuritiesRegulations2001),该法令是关于无纸化证券的专门立法。法令第二条首先明确了证券的范围,各类股票、债券、集体投资计划单位、存托凭证以及证券权益等都包含其中。法令第二十四条是关于登记效力(effectofentriesonregisters)的规定,该条第六款明确规定“运营者登记”(operatorregister)上权利人持有无纸化证券的记录应当被视为该证券的权利归属证明。
(3)日本。日本通过《公司债、股份等账户划拨法》规定了公司债、国债以及地方政府债的确权方式。该法第七十六条、一百零一条、一百一十三条分别规定客户合法持有其账户记载或记录的记账式公司债、国债、地方政府债的权利。第七十三条、九十八条、一百一十三条则规定前述债券除非经账户明确记录,否则转让不生效,即确定了债券的登记确权效力。日本《股票保管及过户法》(1984年)第二十四条规定参与人和客户账户根据其账户记载的股份数量推定对托管的股份享有共有权。
综上,域外立法皆在民法体系的物权制度及合同制度之外进行特别立法,以此确定证券尤其是无纸化证券的法律规则,并明确中央证券托管机构的登记确权效力。同时,域外国家或地区关于证券的特别立法中,基本都将债券纳入证券的范围之中。
(三)国内债券登记托管结算机构登记业务实践——以中央结算公司为例
在实践中,交易双方在外汇交易平台达成债券交易指令,则交易合同生效,指令传输到后台进行券款对付(DVP)结算时已经进入到交易合同的履行阶段。如款足、券足,则钱货两讫。在交易完成后,中央结算公司作为登记机构,根据交易结果维护客户账务,在相应的债券账户中计加或计减,完成债券权利的确认。对此,现行法律法规也有明确的表述,例如《2021年记账式国债招标发行规则》第七条规定:债权托管机构在财政部收到发行款后,为认购人办理债权登记和托管。因此,债券登记的是权利,不是合同,具有公示权利归属与实现权利变动的法律意义3,债权债务关系的确立基于私人合意,双方达成一致后即可生效履行,与登记无关,也不需要登记。4中央结算公司开展的债券登记是中立第三方做出的对于已经发生和存在的债券进行权利确权的行为,登记的债券权属内容包括债券的要素、持有主体等。
(四)债券登记制度的立法建议
1.《民法典》是债券登记法律效力的理论基础
一是将《证券法》中证券概念范畴扩张至债券,并在《证券法》中明确证券登记和证券变更登记的法律效力。首先,将证券概念扩展至债券是统一股票、债券等证券登记规则的前提。对此,美国1933年《证券法》可供参考,该法第二条对“证券”进行了详尽定义及列举,将股票、债券等皆涵盖其中。其次,我国《证券法》第一百五十一条规定,应当根据证券登记结算的结果,确认证券持有人持有证券的事实。有学者认为该条系登记确权之依据。但该表述产生登记生效还是登记对抗的法律效力并不明晰。为避免理解歧义,建议借鉴日本政府债券交易中登记生效的规定,进一步明确证券登记生效之立场。建议增加规定:“一旦证券关系记载完毕且完成登记,则产生法律效力。证券以证券登记结算机构的登记和变更登记作为生效和变动的公示方式。”
二是可通过推动无纸化证券的专门立法确立证券登记确权的基本规则。随着时代进步,无纸化财产逐渐成为社会财产的重要组成部分,对一些典型、价值巨大、监管清晰的无纸化财产权利,我国逐步确立了部门法进行单独调整,例如《证券法》《著作权法》《专利法》等。这些部门法对于财产权利的确认均坚持了物权法关于登记的一般理论,坚持登记生效,坚持登记机构的统一性。银行间债券市场体量巨大,债券在法律属性、实际性状、交易逻辑等各个方面都是无纸化财产权利的典型代表,尤其与股票同属法律规定的有价证券,在确权方式、确权机构统一性上应当进行相同解释,没有理由突破证券法律登记理论的基本要求在债券市场上进行分散确权。
3.债券登记机构应当具备统一性、唯一性
一方面,基于物权公示、公信原则对于登记机构统一性的要求,证券登记机构应当具备统一性。在法律规范中,物权法律制度和理论致力于确定财产的权属,强调公示、公信原则。在以登记为确权方式的财产中,登记簿是确认权利的唯一依据,登记簿的公信力是登记制度的核心。要保证交易安全的重任委于公信力,统一登记机关以维护公信力至关重要。登记本身承担的价值功能包括安全价值、效率价值以及产权保护价值,均要求统一的登记机关,以保证这些价值的实现。保持登记原则、依据、程序、效力、登记机关、簿册的统一,是物权法上登记的基本规则之一5。有价证券目前没有实现统一登记,例如,记账式国债必须到中央结算公司办理出质登记,而在证券交易所上市交易的公司债券则须到中国证券登记结算有限责任公司(以下简称“中国结算”)办理出质登记。
债券托管的法理基础研究
(一)债券托管业务的实践
在实践中,债券托管业务涉及债券中央托管机构为债券投资者提供的托管服务,以及托管银行为其客户提供的债券托管服务。由不同主体为债券投资者提供的债券托管服务具有形式上的差异性和内容上的相似性。
从形式上来看,由投资者以自己的名义将债券托管于中央托管机构,中央托管机构直接为债券投资者提供债券托管服务,形成一级托管的结构;由托管银行等中介机构为客户提供的债券托管业务,需中介机构再以自己的名义托管至上一级中介机构直至中央托管机构,在结构上形成多级托管。在国际实践中,各国基于本国的法律体系构建债券投资者权益保护的制度安排,呈现出多样性,例如德国的共有权制度、美国的证券权利制度等。从国际实践来看,既存在一级托管,亦存在多级托管。
从内容上看,无论由债券中央托管机构直接为债券投资者提供托管服务,还是由托管银行为其客户提供托管业务,就债券托管业务的本质内容来看具有相似性,即债券(中央)托管机构为债券持有人提供查询、质押、付息兑付、公司行为等服务,对债券持有人的债券权益进行维护和管理的行为。在多级托管模式下,由托管银行为其客户提供次级托管服务,托管银行仍需将其代为托管的客户债券以及自营债券托管至债券中央托管机构,由债券中央托管机构完成对托管银行及其客户的债券托管行为。
我国金融市场在注重效率、深化对外开放的同时,要守住不发生系统性金融风险的底线。从金融市场安全性的角度来看,由债券中央托管机构为债券投资者直接提供一级债券托管服务是最符合安全性要求的。债券中央托管机构作为金融市场基础设施之一,为债券发行人、投资者提供登记、托管、结算等金融市场基础设施服务,为债券发行、交易及交易后环节提供制度保障。在满足债券投资者安全性要求的同时,能够配合金融监管实现国家金融市场的安全性要求。
(二)债券托管业务的法律属性
在债券市场中,不同参与主体与金融市场基础设施之间形成的法律关系亦存在差异。具体来看,债券中央托管机构为债券投资者提供的债券托管服务具体包括开户、查询、挂失、冻结、质押、过户、代理派息、公司行为、信息咨询等。从中央结算公司现有的业务模式来看,其与投资者之间在债券托管业务中构成委托法律关系。
(三)我国现行法律体系难以适用以信托为基础的名义持有制度
债券多级托管是从形式上对债券托管业务链条中的中央托管机构、次托管主体以及债券投资者之间结构的描述,债券多级托管涉及多个相对方之间的法律关系,可能涉及委托法律关系,也可能涉及信托法律关系。但是在我国现有法律制度框架下,难以直接适用以信托为基础的名义持有制度。
1.委托和信托法律关系
《民法典》第九百一十九条规定了“委托合同”的定义,即依据当事人约定,由受托人处理委托人的事务。《中华人民共和国信托法》(以下简称《信托法》)规定,信托是指委托人基于对受托人的信任,将其财产权委托给受托人,由受托人按委托人的意愿以自己的名义,为受益人的利益或者特定目的进行管理或者处分的行为。委托与信托的关系表现在以下几个方面:
2.我国债券托管领域适用信托理论的法理挑战
在英美等信托制度较为成熟的国家,债券托管采用了信托关系作为其基础法律关系,同时成熟的信托制度也为多级托管下债券持有人权益保护提供了基础。但在我国民法理论及现行《信托法》背景下,构建债券托管信托法律关系具有现实挑战。
(1)英美法采用信托关系具有法理基础和路径依赖
从信托概念的定义来看,英美的信托概念具有明显的灵活性,注重法律效果,对信托种类和功能限制较少。一是明确信托是一种信任关系,二是明确受托人为了他人利益而享有该特定财产的法律上的所有权,受益人则享有该特定财产的衡平法上的所有权。在英美信托法律制度中,信托财产权的构成体现了“二元所有权”的观念,即在英美信托制度下,债券持有人和托管人均可对托管债券享有所有权,使持有人对托管债券的间接持有成为可能。
(2)大陆法系适用信托法理的天然困境
大陆法系传统民法的“物债二分”理论对英美法系信托法律关系中的财产权解释无力。大陆法系没有普通法与衡平法之分,并且继受罗马法“一元所有权”观念,所有权本身不可分割。所有权制度本质上的差异,使得如中国与英国的信托法在规则制定和信托关系中各方权利义务之间的安排存在差异。大陆法系在引入信托制度时,在技术上作了两项处理,一是大致按照物权和债权的区分模式来构造信托财产权,即赋予受托人对信托财产以所有权,同时赋予受益人对信托财产以受益权——享有信托利益的权利,并使之具有债权化倾向。比如,受益人受益权的行使,原则上只能针对受托人。
(3)我国债券托管难以直接适用《信托法》
与英美法系信托定义的灵活性相比,大陆法系具有严谨的成文法特征,其对法律概念的定义采取“要件导向”的思维模式。依据我国《信托法》中规定的信托定义,只有在满足法律规定的各项构成要件后,双方之间才能被认定为属于信托法律关系。这限制了信托的种类和功能。具体而言,第一,依据《信托法》第八和第九条,设立信托是一种要式法律行为,需要签订书面的信托合同。在一般的债券托管合同中,没有体现出设立信托的意思表示。第二,信托财产需要有财产权利转移,在债券托管中没有这种权利转移行为,投资者仍然享有债券权益。债券投资者作为委托人,将持有债券托管至托管机构,对托管债券仍享有所有权,同时,托管业务的受益人也为债券投资者。第三,依据《信托法》第二条,从信托合同目的角度,信托是由受托人为受益人利益或者特定目的进行管理或处分的行为。信托委托的是财产权,是对财产的使用权、受益权、管理和处分的权利。而债券的收益与托管机构的管理行为无关,债券付息由发行人向投资者承诺并履行。
(四)债券托管法律关系的模式选择与立法建议
1.在立法中明确债券登记托管结算机构的法律地位
一是在《证券法》或有关金融基础设施的特别法中明确债券登记托管结算机构的法律地位。我国《证券法》第一百四十八条明确了交易所证券交易的登记结算的集中统一制度,但债券种类繁多,且以银行间债券市场交易为主,未来需要将债券市场统一的登记托管结算体系在《证券法》或金融基础设施的专项立法中进一步明确。
2.委托法律关系能够满足债券持有人的安全要求
一方面,将信托法作为民法特别法单行立法,需要以特别规定对前述物权—债权模式进行符合信托本质的改造,以阻却民法上有关物权、债权规则的全盘适用。比如,对受托人所有权施以受益权和信托法上的义务的双重制约,一是明确规定受托人行使所有权的目的是为了受益人的利益,需受到受益权的制约;二是明确规定受托人行使所有权要符合信托协议规定以及《信托法》规定的受托人义务的制约。对受益权则通过信托财产独立性等设计使之具有一定的物权效力(如受托人破产时的别除权、信托终止后的信托财产归属权等)。
注:
1.依据《民法典》对民事权利的基本分类,我国采用的是物债二分的法律体系,债权与物权是相对的概念。
2.马俊驹,梅夏英.无形财产的理论和立法问题[J].中国法学,2001(2).
3.叶林,张昊.无纸化证券的内涵与法律地位——兼谈证券的基本属性[J].河南大学学报(社会科学版),2009,49(2).
4.在法学的基本理论中,合同关系发生和物权生效是两种完全分离的行为。例如,买卖房屋涉及签订房屋买卖合同和进行房屋登记两个行为,前一个行为受合同法调整,解决双方之间基于合同履行产生的各种问题,双方达成合意合同即生效。后一个行为受物权法调整,解决谁是房屋权利人问题,只有登记,权利才能生效。在合同双方以外的任何人看来,只有登记簿上的权利人才是房屋的所有权人。
5.赵珉婧.物权体系化视角下的不动产登记机关之统一[D].中国政法大学,2011.
6.参见(2009)沪一中民三(商)初字第27号民事判决书.
参考文献
[1]李东方.证券登记结算的法理基础研究[J].中国政法大学学报,2018(5).
[2]王静.无纸化证券与证券法的变革[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2009.
[3]王利明,杨立新,王轶,程啸.民法学(第六版)[M].北京:法律出版社,2020.
[4]王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(重拍合订本)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2015.
◇本文原载《债券》2022年2月刊
◇作者:中央结算公司中债研发中心祁畅张文杜泽夏
◇责任编辑:鹿宁宁刘颖
TheJurisprudentialBasisforBondRegistrationandDepository
QIChang,ZHANGWen,DUZexia
Abstract
Keywords
Bondregistration,Bonddepository,Legalsystem
Thelegalsystemconcerningbondregistrationanddepository,asanintegralpartofthesecuritiesregistrationanddepositoryregime,constitutesthelegalfoundationonwhichthebondmarketoperates.Itisacollectionoflawsandregulationsforbondregistrationanddepository.GiventhefactthatbondsareincompletelydefinedintheSecuritiesLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(hereinafterreferredtoas“theSecuritiesLaw”),thereiscontroversyoverthelegalattributeofbondregistration,thelegalnatureofbonddepositorybyaCSD,andmanyotherissues.Thispapermainlydiscussesthejurisprudentialbasisonwhichbondregistrationanddepositorylaws/regulationsarebuiltindimensionsofcivillawandsecuritieslaw.
TheJurisprudentialBasisforBondRegistration
i.Debtsandbonds
1.Debtsandbondsincivillaw
Inthetraditionalcivillaw,debtrepresentsthelegalrelationshipofclaimsanddebts--arelationshipbetweenspecificpersonsrequestingforcertainactsornotforcertainacts.TheCivilCodeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(hereinafterreferredtoas“theCivilCode”)definesbondsare“rights”inArticle440.Asatypicalexampleofmarketablesecurities,bondsareknownasacollectionofrights.Therightholderofabondhasalltherightscontainedinthatbond,includingtherighttodemandthedebtortopaytheprincipalandinterestontime,therighttopledgethebond,andtherighttotradethebond,etc.
2.Bondsinsecuritieslaw
TheSecuritiesLawcurrentlyeffectiveinChinafailstocoveralltypesofbondsavailableinthemarket.AsstipulatedinArticle2,thepresentSecuritiesLawshallbeappliedtothecorporatebonds,publiclytradedgovernmentbonds,andassets-backedsecurities(ABSs).However,theissuance,trading,registration,depository,settlement,andotheroperationsoffinancialbonds,debtfinancinginstrumentsbynon-financialenterprisesandothervarietiesintheinterbankbondmarketshallbemanagedbythePeople’sBankofChina(PBOC)andtheinstitutionsdesignatedbyitinaccordancewiththeregulationsformulatedaspertheLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaonthePeople’sBankofChina.
3.Thelegalpositionofbondrights
Bondrightsareakindofcompositerightsandaspecialtypeofpropertyrights,representingthecomplexlegalrelationsofvariousinterests.Therearetwokindsofrightsonbonds.Oneistherighttoholdbonds,i.e.,therightthatbondholderspossessbondsandhavetherightsonthebonds.Intheeraofphysicalbonds,bondsexistedasphysicalproperty.Sobondholderswerepresumedtobetherightholders,enjoyingvariousrightsandinterestsonthebonds,suchastherighttodemandinterestpaymentfromissuersandtherighttopledgebonds.Today,bondshavechangedfrompaper-basedtopaperless,buttheessenceofbondrightsremainsunchanged.Theotheristheright-obligationrelationshiprepresentedbybonds.Inotherwords,examinedfromtherelationshipbetweenthebondholderandtheissuer,abondrepresentsadebtor-creditorrelationship,inwhichthebondholderandtheissuerestablishadebtor-creditorconnectionbecauseofthebond,andhavetofulfilltheirrespectiverightsandobligationsundersucharelationship.
ii.Jurisprudentialbasisforbondregistration
1.Confirmationofbondrightsthroughbondregistration
Bondregistrationisintendedtorecognizewhoisthebondrightsholderandwhocanexercisetherightsonabond.Inessence,whatitregulatesstillistherelationshipbetweenapersonandanobject.TheCivilCodealsorecognizesrightsasanobjectofrealrights.Thenatureofbondregistrationasakindofrightsconfirmationisexplicitlystipulatedinthecurrentlawsandregulations.Forexample,Article19oftheInterimMeasuresfortheAdministrationoftheDepositoryofCentralGovernmentBondsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinasetsoutthat“thebalancestatedinthedepositoryaccountistheonlylegalproofindicatingtheamountofcentralgovernmentbonds(CGBs)ownedbyacustomer”.Inthecontextofpaperlesssecurities,aregistrationsystemis,therefore,requiredformakingknowntothepublicthepropertyrightsonpaperlesssecuritiesandregisteredsecurities.
2.Explicitlegalprovisionsfortheregistrationofpledgedbonds
Article441oftheCivilCodeclearlystipulatesthepledgeofpaperlessbonds,whichgoes“thepledgeonabondiscreatedatthetimewhenthecertificateofbondrightsisdeliveredtothepledgee,or,intheabsenceofsuchacertificate,atthetimewhenthepledgeisregistered.”Underthetraditionalrealrightslaw,immovablescouldonlybemortgaged,andtheregistrationofmortgageisusedasthebasisfortherightsconfirmation;ordinarymovablesandrightscouldonlybepledged,andthepledgeofamovableisconfirmeduponthedeliveryofsuchamovable,andthepledgeofarightisconfirmeduponthedeliveryofthecertificateofsucharightortheregistrationofsucharight(intheabsenceofthecertificate).Thisarticlecarriesatleasttwomessagesexplicitly:
First,theCivilCodeincludespaperlessbondsinthescopeofregulationinBookTwo:RealRights.Itiseasytotransfertheownershipofpaperlessbonds,acharacteristicthatissharedbymovables.Therefore,bondsareregulatedwiththelegalframeworkofpledgetogetherwithmovables,andlistedas“thepledgeonaright”separately.Atthesametime,intheabsenceofspecialprovisionsinthelaw,theyaresubjecttotherelevantprovisionsofthepledgeonamovable,andstillfallintothecategoryofpledgeintheestablishmentofsecurityrights.
Second,theCivilCodeinBookTwo:RealRightsclarifiesthatthepledgeofapaperlessbondisconfirmedthroughregistration.Althoughthesecurityrightsofbondstaketheformofpledge,thepledgeofpaperlessbondsisconfirmedwhenthepledgeisregistered.Bycontrast,thepledgeofatraditionalmovableisconfirmeduponthedeliveryofsuchamovable.ThisatteststotheCivilCode’sclearpositionontheregistrationofpaperlessbonds.Thesettingofsecurityitselfconstitutesanimportantpartofthecollectionofbondrights.Furthermore,bondsasatypeofcollateralplayanincreasinglyprominentrole.GiventhattheCivilCodehasclearlyprovidedthepledgeofpaperlessbonds,thelegalinterpretationofbondregistrationshouldfollowitsbasicprovisionsasawhole.
3.Bondregistrationshouldfollowtheprinciplesofpublicdisclosureandpublictrust
4.Theprincipleofcentralizedandunifiedbondregistration
5.Extraterritoriallawsandregulationsconcerningbondregistration
JudgingfromthelegislativepracticeoutsideofChina,thelegaleffectsofsecuritiesregistrationareprovidedbyspecificlegislation.Thismeansitdoesnotrelyexclusivelyontherealrightssystemorthecontractualsysteminthetraditionalcivillawsystem.
(1)TheUnitedStates(theUS).TheUniformCommercialCode(theUCC)inChapter8createstheconceptof“securityentitlement”torecognizetherightsandinterestsofinvestorsinamulti-tieredcustodyandindirectholdingsystem.Asecurityentitlementisessentiallyatypeofpropertyrightsthatdescribesapackageofrightsanddutiesbetweenthesecurityentitlementholderandthesecuritiesintermediarythatdirectlyholdsthesecurities.Chapter8oftheUCCalsoprovidesforthewaystotransfertherightsandinterestsonpaperlesssecurities.PursuanttoSection8-501,apersonacquiresasecurityentitlementwhenasecuritiesintermediaryindicatesbybookentrythatafinancialassethasbeencreditedtotheperson’ssecuritiesaccount.
(2)TheUnitedKingdom(theUK).In2001,theUKformallyenforcedtheUncertificatedSecuritiesRegulations2001,apieceofspecificlegislationonpaperlesssecurities.InArticle2,itfirstlydefinesthescopeofsecurities,includingalltypesofshares,bonds,unitsofcollectiveinvestmentschemes,depositoryreceipts(DRs),andinterestsinsecurities.Article24oftheRegulationsprovidesfortheeffectofentriesonregisters,andparagraph6ofthisarticlespecifiesthatanentryonanoperatorregisterwhichrecordsapersonasholdingunitsofasecurityinuncertificatedformshallbeevidenceofsuchtitletotheunits.
(3)Japan.JapanhasadoptedtheActonAccountAllocationofDebentures,Shares,etc.,whichprovidesforthewaysinwhichdebentures,centralgovernmentbonds,andlocalgovernmentbondsarecertified.Articles76,101,and113oftheActsetouttherightsofpersonstolegallyholdthebook-entrycorporatebonds,centralgovernmentbonds,andlocalgovernmentbondsenteredorrecordedintheiraccounts.Articles73,98and113oftheActstipulatethatthetransferoftheaforementionedbondswillbeinvalidunlessitisexpresslyrecordedinaccounts,aprovisionthatestablishestheeffectivenessofbondregistration.Article24oftheStockCustodyandTransferAct(1984)providesthatparticipantsandcustomeraccountsarepresumedtohaveco-ownershipofsharesheldincustodygiventhenumberofsharesrecordedintheiraccounts.
(4)Germany.TheGermanElectronicSecuritiesAct(GesetzzurEinführungvonelektronischenWertpapieren,eWpG)enteredintoforceinJune2021,whichprovidesthelegalbasisfortradingrightsthroughanelectronicsecuritiesregisterandaddsthecontentrelatedtotheencryptedsecuritiesregister.Article1oftheActlimitselectronicsecuritiestobearerbonds.AccordingtoArticle2,for“electronicsecurities”,physicalcertificatesshallbereplacedbyentriesinanelectronicsecuritiesregistermaintainedbyanauthorizedcentralregistrationinstitution.Inthisway,anentryinanelectronicsecuritiesregisteriseffectivelyequivalenttothe“delivery”ofatraditionalmovable.Article25stipulatesthatthebeneficiarywon’tloseitsownershipofanelectronicsecurityuntilitistransferredtothebuyer.Article27providesthattheregisteredholderofanelectronicsecurityispresumedtobetheownerofthatsecurity.
Insummary,foreignjurisdictionshaveallenactedspeciallegislationbeyondtherealrightssystemandcontractualsystemofthecivillawframeworktoestablishthelegalrulesforsecurities,especiallypaperlesssecurities,andtoclarifytheeffectivenessofregistrationbyaCSD.Atthesametime,bondsareincludedinthescopeofsecuritiesinalmostallthesespeciallegislationonsecurities.
iii.Theregistrationpracticeofabondregistration,depositoryandsettlementinstitutioninChina:thecaseofCCDC
iv.Legislativeproposalsforthebondregistrationsystem
1.TheCivilCodeshouldbethetheoreticalbasisforthelegalforceofbondregistration
Thedevelopmentofbondshasundergoneatransitionfrombeingpaper-basedtopaperless.Inthepaper-basedera,bondswerephysicalproperty,andthechangesinandaffiliationoftheirrightsweresubjecttotherelevantprovisionssetoutinBookTwo:RealRightsoftheCivilCode.Inthepaperlessera,althoughbondshavechangedexternally,theirnatureofpropertyrights,legalrelationship,andcorerightsremainunchanged.Sobondsshouldbeinterpretedwiththebasictheoryofpublishingrealrights.BookTwo:RealRightsoftheCivilCodealsohasclearstipulationaboutregisteringrightsasobjectsofrealrightsandregistrationofpledgedpaperlessbonds.Bondregistration,asaformofsecuritiesrightsregistration,shouldhavethesamelegalstatusasstockregistrationintheSecuritiesLaw.However,bondrights,likestockrights,arespecialrightsofsecuritization,whichneedtoberegulatedbyspeciallawsratherthantheCivilCode.s
2.TheSecuritiesLawandrelatedlaws/rulesshouldberevisedorimproved
3.Theunityanduniquenessofabondregistrationinstitution
StudyontheJurisprudentialBasisforBondDepository
i.Practiceinbonddepository
Inpractice,bonddepositorybusinessinvolvesthecustodianservicesprovidedbyCSDsforbondinvestorsaswellasthebondcustodianservicesprovidedbycustodianbanksfortheirclients.Bondcustodianservicesprovidedbydifferententitiesarevaryinginformbutsimilarinessence.
Formally,wheninvestorsputtheirbondsinthecustodyofCSDsintheirownname,andtheCSDprovidesbondcustodianservicesdirectlytobondinvestors,itisthesingle-leveldepositorystructure.Incontrast,thebonddepositorybusinesswhichisprovidedbyintermediariessuchascustodianbanksrequiresintermediariestoputthebondsinthecustodyofhigher-levelintermediariesintheirownnameuntiltheyreachtheCSD.Thisisthemulti-leveldepositorystructure.Intheinternationalpractice,differentmarketshavediversifiedinstitutionalarrangementsfortheprotectionofbondinvestorsinlightoftheirrespectivelegalsystem.Twoexamplesinthisregardaretheco-ownershipsysteminGermanyandthesecuritiesrightssystemintheUS.Aroughlookattheinternationalpracticerevealsthattherearesingle-levelandmulti-levelstructures.
WhetherthecustodianserviceisprovidedbyaCSDoracustodianbank,theessenceisthesame:theactoffurnishingbondholderswithsuchservicesasinquiry,pledge,interestpaymentandredemption,corporateactionsaswellassafeguardingandmanagingtherightsandinterestsofbondholders.Underthemulti-leveldepositorymode,thecustodianbankprovidessecondarycustodianservicesforitsclients;atthesametime,thebankneedstoputthebondsofitsclientsanditsproprietarybondsinthecustodyoftheCSD.
Whilefocusingonefficiencyandopening-up,China’sfinancialmarketwillholdontothebottomlineofincurringnosystematicfinancialrisk.Forthesecurityofthefinancialmarket,theprovisionofsingle-levelcustodianservicesbytheCSDforbondinvestorsdirectlyisanarrangementthatbestmeetsthesecurityrequirements.ACSD,asoneofChina’sfinancialmarketinfrastructures(FMIs),providesregistration,depository,settlement,andotherFMIservicesforbondissuersandinvestors,thuscapableofofferinganinstitutionalguaranteeforbondissuance,trading,andpost-tradeoperations.Whileensuringthesecurityofbondinvestors,thiscanalsoworkwithfinancialregulatorstomeetthesecurityrequirementsforthenation-widefinancialmarket.
ii.Legalnatureofbonddepository
Inthebondmarket,therearedifferencesinthelegalrelationshipsbetweenvaryingparticipatingentitiesandFMIs.Specifically,thebondcustodianservicesprovidedbyaCSDforbondinvestorsincludeaccountopening,inquiry,lossreport,freezing,pledge,ownershiptransfer,dividenddistributiononanagencybasis,corporateactions,andinformationconsultation.ItcanbeseenfromthebusinessmodelofCCDCthattheprincipal-agentrelationshipformsbetweenCCDCandinvestorsinthebusinessofbonddepository.
iii.ThecurrentlegalregimeofChinaishardlycommensuratewithatrust-basednominalholdingsystem
Multi-leveldepositoryformallydescribesthestructureofCSDs,secondarycustodians,andbondinvestorsinthebonddepositorybusinesschain.Itinvolvesthelegalrelationshipsofmultiplerelativeparties,whichmaybetheprincipal-agentrelationshiporthetrustrelationship.However,undertheexistinglegalframework,thetrust-basednotionalholdingsystemcannotbedirectlyappliedtoChina.
1.Legalrelationshipincommissioningandtrust
Article919oftheCivilCodedefinesthata“commissioncontract”isacontractwherebytheprincipalandtheagentagreethattheagenthandlesaffairsoftheprincipal.TheTrustLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(hereinafterreferredtoas“theTrustLaw”)stipulatesthattrustistheactinwhichthetrustoronthebasisofconfidenceinthetrustee,entrustsitspropertyrightstothetrusteeandthetrusteemanagesordisposesofthepropertyrightsinitsownnameaspertheintentionsofthetrustorandforthebenefitofthebeneficiaryorforspecificpurposes.Therelationshipbetweencommissioningandtrustismanifestedinthefollowingaspects:
First,seenfromtheconnotationandextensionofthelegalconcept,commissioningcoversawiderscopethantrust.Inatrustrelationship,thetrustoronthebasisofconfidenceinthetrusteeentrustsitspropertytothetrusteeformanagement.Especiallyinsometrustrelationships,thecontractssignedbythepartiesarenotexplicitlyexpressedas“trustcontracts”;instead,theyareusuallytitled“commissioncontracts”.However,inidentifyingthelegalrelationshipbetweenthetwoparties,thejudicialauthoritywillrecognizeitasatrust-basedrelationshipiftheactissubstantiallyconsistentwithtrust.Therefore,seenfromtheconnotationandextensionofthelegalconceptsofcommissioningandtrustalone,commissioningcoversalagerscopethantrust.Theestablishmentofatrustrelationshipisdefinitelybasedonthecommissioningofthetrustor,whiletheactinwhichthetrustorcommissionsthetrusteetohandleitsaffairsdoesnotnecessarilyconstituteatrustrelationship.
2.Jurisprudentialchallengesfacingtheapplicationofthetrusttheoryinbonddepository
Injurisdictionswithmaturetrustsystems,suchastheUKandtheUS,bonddepositoryadoptsthetrustrelationshipasitslegalbasis.Meanwhile,thematuretrustsystemsmakeitpossibletoprotectbondholdersunderthemulti-leveldepositorystructure.However,theconstructionofatrustrelationshipforbonddepositoryinChinafacespracticalchallengesinthecontextofthecivillawtheoryandtheTrustLaw.
(1)Theadoptionofthetrustrelationshipinthecommonlawsystemhasitsjurisprudentialbasisandpathdependency.
Trustisfairlyflexiblydefinedinthecommonlawsystem,byplacingemphasisonlegaleffectsandimposingfewrestrictionsonthetypesandfunctionsoftrust.First,itmakesclearthattrustisaconfidence-basedrelationship.Second,itexplicitlystipulatesthatthetrusteeenjoysthelegalownershipofacertainpropertyforthebenefitofothers,whilethebeneficiaryenjoystheequitableownershipofthatproperty.Inthetrustsystemsetoutbythecommonlaw,thecompositionoftrustpropertyrightsmanifeststheconceptof“dualownership”.Thatistosay,inthecommonlawtrustsystem,boththeholderandthecustodianofabondcanenjoytheownershipofthebondincustody,whichmakesitpossiblefortheholdertoholdthebonddirectly.
(2)Thedilemmaofapplyingthetrustrelationshipinthecontinentallawsystem
Thetraditionalcivillawdoctrineofseparatingoccupationfromownershiphasnopowertoexplainthepropertyrightsinthetrustrelationshipunderthecommonlawsystem.Forthecontinentallawsystem,thereisnodistinctionbetweengenerallawandlawofequity.TheconceptofunitaryownershipintheRomanlawisinherited,thecontinentallawholdsthatownershipitselfshouldbeindivisible.ThefundamentaldifferenceintheownershipsystemleadstothedistinctivearrangementsfortherightsandobligationsofthepartiesinthetrustrelationshipsetoutinthetrustlawsofChinaandtheUK,forexample.Whenadoptingthetrustsystem,thecontinentallawsystemhasmadetechnicalaccommodations,thatis,toconstructthetrustpropertyrightsroughlyaccordingtotheseparationofrealrightsfromclaims.Inotherwords,thetrusteeisgrantedtheownershiptothetrustproperty,andmeanwhilethebeneficiaryisgiventhebeneficiaryrightstothetrustproperty--hasaccesstotrustbenefits,whichmakesitmorelikeaclaim.Forexample,theexerciseofthebeneficiaryrightsisonlytargetedatthetrusteeinprinciple.
(3)ItisdifficultforChinatoapplytheTrustLawdirectlytoitsbonddepository
iv.Modeoptionsandlegislativeproposalsforthelegalrelationshipinbonddepository
1.Tomakeclearthelegalstatusofthebondregistration,depositoryandsettlementinstitutioninrelatedlaws
First,itisimportanttoindicatethelegalstatusofthebondregistration,depositoryandsettlementinstitutionintheSecuritiesLaworthespeciallawsonFMI.Article148oftheSecuritiesLawspecifiestheregistrationandsettlementofsecuritiestradedonstockexchangesshalladoptacentralizedandunifiedregime.However,therearemanytypesofbondsandthemajorityofthemaretradedintheinterbankbondmarket.Sotheestablishmentofaunifiedbondregistration,depositoryandsettlementsysteminthebondmarketisnecessaryandneedstobemadeclearthroughtheSecuritiesLaworspeciallawsonFMIinthefuture.
2.Theprincipal-agentrelationshipissecureforbondholders
Thesingle-leveldepositorybetweenaCSDandabondholderistheflattestinaccountstructureandthesimplestinlegalrelationship,whichiseffectivelysecureforthebondholderintheprincipal-agentrelationship.Pursuanttothecurrentrulesforbondregistrationanddepository,theCSDkeepstheregisterofbondholdersascommissionedbytheissuer.Atthesametime,thebondholderdirectlyopenabondaccountwiththeCSD,andcommissionstheCSDtomaintaintherightsandinterestsasanagent.Intheholderaccountstructureitmanages,theCSD,ascommissionedbyeachandeverybondholder,keepsseparateaccountsandbooksforthebondholders,thusachievingsegregationofaccountsandensuringtheauthenticity,integrity,andsecurityofbondholderaccounts.
3.Thetrustrelationshipcanbeadoptedinlinewiththepertinentlawsandregulatoryrequirements
Inthefuture,withthediversifieddevelopmentoftheregistrationandsettlementbusiness,thetrustrelationshipmaybeusedinlinewiththeactualneedsofbusinessdevelopmentinduecoursewherethetrustrelationshipisconfirmedbylawandrequiredbyregulatorypolicies.
Ontheonehand,takingthetrustlawasapieceofspeciallegislationwithinthecivillawsystemrequirestransformingtheaforementionedmodelofrealrightsandclaimstowardsamodelthataccommodatestheessenceoftrust,soastoavoidtheuniversalapplicationofthecivillawrulesonrealrightsandclaims.Forexample,thetrustee’sownershipcanbeimposedwithdualconstraints.First,itshouldbeclearlystipulatedthatthetrustee’sexerciseofownershipisforthebenefitsofthebeneficiaryandshouldbeconstrainedbybeneficiaryrights.Second,itshouldbeclearlyprescribedthatthetrustee’sexerciseofownershipshouldcomplywiththetrustagreementandthetrustee’sobligationsundertheTrustLaw.Thebeneficialrightsshouldbedesignedtohavecertaineffectsofrealrightsthroughtheindependenttrustproperty(e.g.,therightofexclusionintheeventofthetrustee’sinsolvencyandtheownershipoftrustpropertyupontheterminationofatrust).
TheEnglishversionisforreferenceonly,andtheoriginalChineseversionshallprevailincaseofanyinconsistency.
Notes:
1.AccordingtothebasicclassificationofcivilrightsintheCivilCode,Chinaadoptsthelegalsystemwhereoccupationisseparatedfromownership.Claimsandrealrightsaretworelativeconcepts.
2.MaJunju,MeiXiaying.OnTheoreticandLegislativeIssuesofIntangibleProperty[J].ChinaLegalScience,2001(2).
3.YeLin,ZhangHao.ConnotationandLegalStatusofDematerialisedSecurities--AlsoinViewoftheNatureofSecurities[J].JournalofHenanUniversity(SocialScience),2009,49(2).
4.Inthebasictheoryofjurisprudence,theoccurrenceofcontractualrelationsandtheentryintoforceofrealrightsaretwocompletelyseparateacts.Forexample,tradingofahouseinvolvestwoacts:signingacontractoftradingthehouseandregisteringthehouse.Theformeractisregulatedbythecontractlaw,aimedtosolvevariousproblemsarisingbetweenthetwopartiesintheperformanceofthecontract.Thecontractentersintoforcewhenbothpartiesreachaconsensus.Thelatteractisregulatedbytherealrightslaw,aimedtoidentifywhoistheowneroftherightstothehouse.Onlyuponregistration,cantherightstakeeffect.Intheopinionofanyoneotherthanthepartiestothecontract,onlytherightholderontheregisteristheownerofthehouse.
5.ZhaoMinjing.UnificationofImmovableRegistrationAuthoritiesinthePerspectiveoftheRealRightsSystem[D].ChinaUniversityofPoliticalScienceandLaw,2011.
6.RefertoPaperofCivilJudgmentH.Y.ZH.M.S.(SH).CH.Z.No.27in2009.
References
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[3]WangLiming,YangLixin,WangYi,ChengXiao.CivilLaw(SixthEdition)[M].Beijing:LawPressChina.2020.
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