新闻听力在专四、专八中难度不大，尤其在专八中和mini-lecture比起来，简单很多，提前可以看到问题和选项。带着这些预读信息去进行target-oriented的听力，命中率一般都很高，练习到后期不希望考生失掉哪怕一分。有可能成文满分绊脚石的就是一些“纸老虎”般的新闻听力特定词汇，请大家提前预热。其实出题考这些词汇的几率特别小，只是形式上吓人罢了。
captionn．图片说明caricaturen．漫画carryvt．刊登cartoonn．漫画censorvt.审查（新闻稿件），新闻审查chartn．每周流行音乐排行版clippingn．剪报columnn．专栏；栏目columnistn．专栏作家continuedstory连载故事；连载小说contributingeditor特约编辑contributionn．（投给报刊的）稿件；投稿contributorn．投稿人copydeskn．新闻编辑部copyeditorn．文字编辑correctionn．更正（启事）correspondencecolumn读者来信专栏correspondentn.驻外记者；常驻外埠记者covervt．采访；采写covergirln.封面女郎covertcoverage隐性采访；秘密采访cropvt．剪辑（图片）crusaden．宣传攻势cutn．插图vt．删减（字数）cutlinen．插图说明
editorialn．社论editorialoffice编辑部editor’snotes编者按exclusiven．独家新闻exposen．揭丑新闻；新闻曝光extran．号外eye-accountn．目击记；记者见闻
faxedphoto传真照片featuren．特写；专稿feedbackn．信息反馈filen．发送消息；发稿fillern．补白FirstAmendment（美国宪法）第一修正案（内容有关新闻、出版自由等）five?W’s?ofnews新闻五要素flagn．报头；报名folo（=follow-up）n．连续报道FourthEstate第四等级（新闻界的别称）freedomofthePress新闻自由free-lancern．自由撰稿人fullposition醒目位置
Goodnewscomesoncrutches.好事不出门。grapevinen．小道消息guttern．中缝
hardnews硬新闻；纯消息headlinen．新闻标题；内容提要hearsayn．小道消息highlightsn.要闻hotnews热点新闻humaninterest人情味
in-depthreporting深度报道insertn.&vt．插补段落；插稿interpretativereporting解释性报道invasionofprivacy侵犯隐私（权）invertedpyramid倒金字塔（写作结构）investigativereporting调查性报道
journalismn．新闻业；新闻学Journalismisliteratureinahurry新闻是急就文学．journalistn．新闻记者
killvt．退弃（稿件）；枪毙（稿件）
layoutn．版面编排；版面设计leadn．导语libeln.诽谤（罪）
makeupn.版面设计manoftheyear年度新闻人物，年度风云人物masscommunication大众传播（学）massmedia大众传播媒介masterheadn．报头；报名median.媒介，媒体Merereportisnotenoughtogoupon．仅是传闻不足为凭．morguen．报刊资料室
newsagency通讯社newsclue新闻线索newspeg新闻线索，新闻电头newsprintn．新闻纸newsvalue新闻价值Nonewsisgoodnews．没有消息就是好消息；不闻凶讯便是吉。nosefornews新闻敏感
obituaryn．讣告objectivityn．客观性offtherecord不宜公开报道opinionpoll民意浏验
qualitypaper高级报纸；严肃报纸quarterlyn．季刊
readabilityn．可读性reader’sinterest读者兴越rejectvt．退弃（稿件）remunerationn.稿费；稿酬reportern．记者rewritevt.改写（稿件），改稿round-upn．综合消息
updaten．更新（新闻内容），增强（时效性）
watchdogn.&vt.舆论监督weeklyn．周报wireservicen．通讯社
本文都是重要的专四、专八新闻小词，其他听新闻英语的同学也可以借鉴，听不懂，词汇是个问题。
一．国际事务：
negotiations，delegate，delegation，summit峰会
chartern.特许状，执照，宪章
pledgen.诺言，保证，誓言，抵押，信物，保人，祝愿
vt.许诺，保证，使发誓，抵押，典当，举杯祝……健康
vt.特许，发给特许执照
promotepeace促进和平
boosteconomicco-op加强经济合作
makeconcession/compromise作出妥协
passaresolution通过决议
sanctionn.核准，制裁，处罚，约束力
vt.制定制裁规则，认可，核准，同意
defaultn.违约，不履行责任，缺席，默认值
vt.疏怠职责，缺席，拖欠，默认
vi.疏怠职责，缺席，拖欠，默认
vetoabill否决议案
breakthedeadlock打破僵局
ascientificbreakthrough科学突破
anunexpectedoutcome出乎意料的结果
sign/ratifyanaccord/deal/treaty/pact/agreement签署协议
diplomaticallyisolatedcountry在外交上被孤立的国家
diplomaticsolutions外交解决方案
hotspot热点
takehostilitiestoward..对……采取敌对态度
ethniccleansing种族排斥
refugee，illegalaliens非法移民
mediator调解员
nationalconvention国民大会
fightcorruption反腐败
corruptedelection腐败的选举
peaceprocess和平进程
boomingeconomy促进经济发展
mutualbenefits/interests双赢
DefenseMinister，evacuate，fleefromPentagon五角大楼
impose/breakadeadline规定/打破最后期限
retaliate报复
bankingreform金融改革
commissioner代表
gobankrupt破产
fileforbankruptcy提出破产
deputy代表
externalforces外部力量
speculate，disarmamentagreement裁军协议
mandate，toliftaboycott取消禁令
dismantle销毁
theimplementationofanaccord执行决议
toeasethebanonivorytrade缓解对象牙贸易的禁令
toharborsb.保护
animalconservation动物保护
threatened/endangeredspecies濒危物种
illegalpoaching非法捕猎
faceextinction濒临灭亡
Gallup/opinion/exitpoll，survey民意调查
standtrial受审
radioactive放射性
radiation辐射
uraniumenrichmentprogram铀浓缩计划
nukenonproliferation核部扩散
suspect，arrest，detain，incustody被囚禁
onhumanrightsabusecharges反人权罪名
HIVpositiveHIV阳性
malaria，diabetes，hypertension，lungcancer，breastcancer
illegaldrugtrafficking毒品贩运
piracy，piratedproducts盗版产品
fakegoods假货
notorious臭名昭著
bloodytyrant血腥独裁者
execute/execution处决，deathpenalty死刑
seminar，forum，peaceconference，nationalconvention，hiscounterpart同等级别的人
2、气象用语
虹rainbow小雨lightrain阵雨shower平静calm毛毛雨drizzle,finerain疾风gustywind微波rippled反常天气freakishweather气旋cyclone微浪smoothwavelets北风northwind气压barometricpressure细浪lightseas冰ice阴天cloudyday小浪moderateseas冰点freezingpoint雪花snowflake中浪roughseas西南风southwester晴clear大浪veryroughseas冷峰coldfront顺风favorablewind强浪highseas低气压low-pressure闷热天气muggyweather巨浪veryhighseas雨量rainfall雹hail狂浪monsterwaves东北风northeaster雷thunder
3、自然灾害东风eastwind滂沱大雨downpour火山地震volcanicearthquake炎热scorchingheat暖锋warmfront海啸tidalwave风眼eyeofastorm零度zero山崩landslide零度以下subzero
General
GATT—GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,whichhasbeensupersededasaninternationalorganizationbytheWTO.AnupdatedGeneralAgreementisnowoneoftheWTO’sagreements.
GATT1947—Theold(pre-1994)versionoftheGATT.
GATT1994—ThenewversionoftheGeneralAgreement,incorporatedintotheWTO,whichgovernstradeingoods.
Members—WTOgovernments(firstlettercapitalized,inWTOstyle).
MFN—Most-favoured-nationtreatment(GATTArticleI,GATSArticleIIandTRIPSArticle4),theprincipleofnotdiscriminatingbetweenone’stradingpartners.nationaltreatment—Theprincipleofgivingothersthesametreatmentasone’sownnationals.
GATTArticleIIIrequiresthatimportsbetreatednolessfavourablythanthesameorsimilardomestically-producedgoodsoncetheyhavepassedcustoms.GATSArticleXVIIandTRIPSArticle3alsodealwithnationaltreatmentforservicesandintellectualpropertyprotection.
TPRB,TPRM—TheTradePolicyReviewBodyisGeneralCounciloperatingunderspecialproceduresformeetingstoreviewtradepoliciesandpracticesofindividualWTOmembersundertheTrade
PolicyReviewMechanism.
transparency—Degreetowhichtradepoliciesandpractices,andtheprocessbywhichtheyareestablished,areopenandpredictable.
UruguayRound—MultilateraltradenegotiationslaunchedatPuntadelEste,UruguayinSeptember1986andconcludedinGenevainDecember1993.SignedbyMinistersinMarrakesh,Morocco,inApril1994.
Tariffs
binding,bound—see“tariffbinding”
electroniccommerce—Theproduction,advertising,saleanddistributionofproductsvia
telecommunicationsnetworks.
free-rider—Acasualtermusedtoinferthatacountrywhichdoesnotmakeanytradeconcessions,profits,nonetheless,fromtariffcutsandconcessionsmadebyothercountriesinnegotiationsunderthemost-favoured-nationprinciple.
HarmonizedSystem—AninternationalnomenclaturedevelopedbytheWorldCustomsOrganization,whichisarrangedinsixdigitcodesallowingallparticipatingcountriestoclassifytradedgoodsonacommonbasis.Beyondthesixdigitlevel,countriesarefreetointroducenationaldistinctionsfortariffsandmanyotherpurposes.
ITA—InformationTechnologyAgreement,orformallytheMinisterial-DeclarationonTradeinInformationTechnologyProducts,underwhichparticipantswillremovetariffsonITproductsbytheyear2000.
ITAII—NegotiationsaimedatexpandingITA’sproductcoverage.
nuisancetariff—Tariffsolowthatitcoststhegovernmentmoretocollectitthantherevenueitgenerates.
scheduleofconcessions—Listofboundtariffrates.
tariffbinding—Commitmentnottoincreasearateofdutybeyondanagreedlevel.Oncearateofdutyisbound,itmaynotberaisedwithoutcompensatingtheaffectedparties.
tariffescalation—Higherimportdutiesonsemi-processedproductsthanonrawmaterials,andhigherstillonfinishedproducts.Thispracticeprotectsdomesticprocessingindustriesanddiscouragesthedevelopmentofprocessingactivityinthecountrieswhererawmaterialsoriginate.
tariffpeaks—Relativelyhightariffs,usuallyon“sensitive”products,amidstgenerallylowtarifflevels.Forindustrializedcountries,tariffsof15%andabovearegenerallyrecognizedas“tariffpeaks”.
tariffs—Customsdutiesonmerchandiseimports.Leviedeitheronanadvalorembasis(percentageofvalue)oronaspecificbasis(e.g.$7per100kgs.).Tariffsgivepriceadvantagetosimilarlocally-producedgoodsandraiserevenuesforthegovernment.
WCO—WorldCustomsOrganization,amultilateralbodylocatedinBrusselsthroughwhichparticipatingcountriesseektosimplifyandrationalizecustomsprocedures.
Non-tariffmeasures
anti-dumpingduties—ArticleVIoftheGATT1994permitstheimpositionofanti-dumpingdutiesagainstdumpedgoods,equaltothedifferencebetweentheirexportpriceandtheirnormalvalue,ifdumpingcausesinjurytoproducersofcompetingproductsintheimportingcountry.
circumvention—Measurestakenbyexporterstoevadeanti-dumpingorcountervailingduties.
countervailingmeasures—Actiontakenbytheimportingcountry,usuallyintheformofincreaseddutiestooffsetsubsidiesgiventoproducersorexportersintheexportingcountry.
dumping—Occurswhengoodsareexportedatapricelessthantheirnormalvalue,generallymeaningtheyareexportedforlessthantheyaresoldinthedomesticmarketorthird-countrymarkets,oratlessthanproductioncost.
NTMs—Non-tariffmeasuressuchasquotas,importlicensingsystems,sanitaryregulations,prohibitions,etc.
priceundertaking—Undertakingbyanexportertoraisetheexportpriceoftheproducttoavoidthepossibilityofananti-dumpingduty.
PSI—Preshipmentinspection—thepracticeofemployingspecializedprivatecompaniestocheckshipmentdetailsofgoodsorderedoverseas—i.e.price,quantity,quality,etc.
QRs—Quantitativerestrictions—specificlimitsonthequantityorvalueofgoodsthatcanbeimported(orexported)duringaspecifictimeperiod.rulesoforigin—Laws,regulationsandadministrativeprocedureswhichdetermineaproduct’scountryoforigin.Adecisionbyacustomsauthorityonorigincandeterminewhetherashipmentfallswithinaquotalimitation,qualifiesforatariffpreferenceorisaffectedbyananti-dumpingduty.Theserulescanvaryfromcountrytocountry.
safeguardmeasures—Actiontakentoprotectaspecificindustryfromanunexpectedbuild-upof
imports—governedbyArticleXIXoftheGATT1994.
subsidy—Therearetwogeneraltypesofsubsidies:exportanddomestic.Anexportsubsidyisabenefitconferredonafirmbythegovernmentthatiscontingentonexports.Adomesticsubsidyisabenefitnotdirectlylinkedtoexports.
tariffication—Proceduresrelatingtotheagriculturalmarket-accessprovisioninwhichallnon-tariffmeasuresareconvertedintotariffs.
tradefacilitation—Removingobstaclestothemovementofgoodsacrossborders(e.g.simplificationofcustomsprocedures).
VRA,VER,OMA—Voluntaryrestraintarrangement,voluntaryexportrestraint,orderlymarketingarrangement.Bilateralarrangementswherebyanexportingcountry(governmentorindustry)agreestoreduceorrestrictexportswithouttheimportingcountryhavingtomakeuseofquotas,tariffsorotherimportcontrols.
Textilesandclothing
ATC—TheWTOAgreementonTextilesandClothingwhichintegratestradeinthissectorbacktoGATTruleswithinaten-yearperiod.
carryforward—Whenanexportingcountryusespartofthefollowingyear’squotaduringthecurrentyear.
carryover—Whenanexportingcountryutilizesthepreviousyear’sunutilizedquota.
circumvention—Avoidingquotasandotherrestrictionsbyalteringthecountryoforiginofaproduct.
CTG—CouncilforTradeinGoods—overseesWTOagreementsongoods,includingtheATC.
integrationprogramme—ThephasingoutofMFArestrictionsinfourstagesstartingon1January
1995andendingon1January2005.
ITCB—InternationalTextilesandClothingBureau—Geneva-basedgroupofsome20developingcountryexportersoftextilesandclothing.
MFA—MultifibreArrangement(1974-94)underwhichcountrieswhosemarketsaredisruptedbyincreasedimportsoftextilesandclothingfromanothercountrywereabletonegotiatequotarestrictions.
swing—Whenanexportingcountrytransferspartofaquotafromoneproducttoanotherrestrainedproduct.
TMB—TheTextilesMonitoringBody,consistingofachairmanplustenmembersactinginapersonalcapacity,overseestheimplementationofATCcommitments.
transitionalsafeguardmechanism—Allowsmemberstoimposerestrictionsagainstindividualexportingcountriesiftheimportingcountrycanshowthatbothoverallimportsofaproductandimportsfromtheindividualcountriesareenteringthecountryinsuchincreasedquantitiesasto
cause—orthreaten—seriousdamagetotherelevantdomesticindustry.
Agriculture/SPS
Agenda2000—EC’sfinancialreformplansfor2000–06aimedatstrengtheningtheunionwithaviewtoreceivingnewmembers.IncludesreformoftheCAP(seebelow).
borderprotection—Anymeasurewhichactstorestrainimportsatpointofentry.
BSE—Bovinespongiformencephalopathy,or“madcowdisease”.
box—Categoryofdomesticsupport.—Greenbox:supportsconsiderednottodistorttradeandthereforepermittedwithnolimits.—Bluebox:permittedsupportslinkedtoproduction,butsubjecttoproductionlimitsandthereforeminimallytrade-distorting.—Amberbox:supportsconsideredtodistorttradeandthereforesubjecttoreductioncommitments.
CairnsGroup—Groupofagriculturalexportingnationslobbyingforagriculturaltradeliberalization.Itwasformedin1986inCairns,AustraliajustbeforethebeginningoftheUruguayRound.Currentmembership:Argentina,Australia,Bolivia,Brazil,Canada,Chile,Colombia,CostaRica,Guatemala,Indonesia,Malaysia,NewZealand,Paraguay,Philippines,SouthAfrica,ThailandandUruguay.
CAP—CommonAgriculturalPolicy—TheEU’scomprehensivesystemofproductiontargetsandmarketingmechanismsdesignedtomanageagriculturaltradewithintheEUandwiththerestoftheworld.
CodexAlimentarius—FAO/WHOcommissionthatdealswithinternationalstandardsonfoodsafety.
distortion—Whenpricesandproductionarehigherorlowerthanlevelsthatwouldusuallyexistinacompetitivemarket.
deficiencypayment—Paidbygovernmentstoproducersofcertaincommoditiesandbasedonthedifferencebetweenatargetpriceandthedomesticmarketpriceorloanrate,whicheveristheless.
EEP—Exportenhancementprogramme—programmeofUSexportsubsidiesgivengenerallytocompetewithsubsidizedagriculturalexportsfromtheEUoncertainexportmarkets.
foodsecurity—Conceptwhichdiscouragesopeningthedomesticmarkettoforeignagriculturalproductsontheprinciplethatacountrymustbeasself-sufficientaspossibleforitsbasicdietaryneeds.
internalsupport—Encompassesanymeasurewhichactstomaintainproducerpricesatlevelsabovethoseprevailingininternationaltrade;directpaymentstoproducers,includingdeficiencypayments,andinputandmarketingcostreductionmeasuresavailableonlyforagriculturalproduction.
InternationalOfficeofEpizootics—Dealswithinternationalstandardsconcerninganimalhealth.
multifunctionality—Ideathatagriculturehasmanyfunctionsinadditiontoproducingfoodandfibre,e.g.environmentalprotection,landscapepreservation,ruralemployment,etc.Seenon-tradeconcerns.
non-tradeconcerns—Similartomultifunctionality.ThepreambleoftheAgricultureAgreementspecifiesfoodsecurityandenvironmentalprotectionasexamples.Alsocitedbymembersareruraldevelopmentandemployment,andpovertyalleviation.
peaceclause—ProvisioninArticle13oftheAgricultureAgreementsaysagriculturalsubsidiescommittedundertheagreementcannotbechallengedunderotherWTOagreements,inparticulartheSubsidiesAgreementandGATT.Expiresattheendof2003.
reformprocess/program—TheUruguayRoundAgricultureAgreementstartsareformprocess.Itsetsoutafirststep,intheprocess,i.e.aprogramforreducingsubsidiesandprotectionandotherreforms.CurrentnegotiationslaunchedunderArticle20areforcontinuingthereformprocess.
SPSregulations—SanitaryandPhytosanitaryregulations—governmentstandardstoprotecthuman,animalandplantlifeandhealth,tohelpensurethatfoodissafeforconsumption.
variablelevy—Customsdutyratewhichvariesinresponsetodomesticpricecriterion.
Intellectualproperty
BerneConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionoftherightsofauthorsintheirliteraryandartisticworks.
CBD—ConventiononBiologicalDiversity.
compulsorylicensing—Forpatents:whentheauthoritieslicensecompaniesorindividualsotherthanthepatentownertousetherightsofthepatent—tomake,use,sellorimportaproductunderpatent(i.e.apatentedproductoraproductmadebyapatentedprocess)—withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.AllowedundertheTRIPSAgreementprovidedcertainproceduresandconditionsarefulfilled.Seealsogovernmentuse.
counterfeit—Unauthorizedrepresentationofaregisteredtrademarkcarriedongoodsidenticalorsimilartogoodsforwhichthetrademarkisregistered,withaviewtodeceivingthepurchaserintobelievingthathe/sheisbuyingtheoriginalgoods.
exhaustion—Theprinciplethatonceaproducthasbeensoldonamarket,theintellectualpropertyownernolongerhasanyrightsoverit.(AdebateamongWTOmembergovernmentsiswhetherthisappliestoproductsputonthemarketundercompulsorylicences.)Countries’lawsvaryastowhethertherightcontinuestobeexhaustediftheproductisimportedfromonemarketintoanother,whichaffectstheowner’srightsovertradeintheprotectedproduct.Seealsoparallelimports.
geographicalindications—Placenames(orwordsassociatedwithaplace)usedtoidentifyproducts(forexample,“Champagne”,“Tequila”or“Roquefort”)whichhaveaparticularquality,reputationorothercharacteristicbecausetheycomefromthatplace
governmentuse—Forpatents:whenthegovernmentitselfusesorauthorizesotherpersonstousetherightsoverapatentedproductorprocess,forgovernmentpurposes,withoutthepermissionofthepatentowner.Seealsocompulsorylicensing.
intellectualpropertyrights—Ownershipofideas,includingliteraryandartisticworks(protectedbycopyright),inventions(protectedbypatents),signsfordistinguishinggoodsofanenterprise(protectedbytrademarks)andotherelementsofindustrialproperty.
IPRs—Intellectualpropertyrights.
LisbonAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionofgeographicalindicationsandtheirinternationalregistration.
MadridAgreement—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortherepressionoffalseordeceptiveindicationsofsourceongoods.
mailbox—ReferstotherequirementoftheTRIPSAgreementapplyingtoWTOmemberswhichdonotyetprovideproductpatentprotectionforpharmaceuticalsandforagriculturalchemicals.Since1January1995,whentheWTOagreementsenteredintoforce,thesecountrieshavetoestablishameansbywhichapplicationsofpatentsfortheseproductscanbefiled.(Anadditionalrequirementsaystheymustalsoputinplaceasystemforgranting“exclusivemarketingrights”fortheproductswhosepatentapplicationshavebeenfiled.)
parallelimports—Whenaproductmadelegally(i.e.notpirated)abroadisimportedwithoutthepermissionoftheintellectualpropertyright-holder(e.g.thetrademarkorpatentowner).Somecountriesallowthis,othersdonot.
ParisConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,fortheprotectionofindustrialintellectualproperty,i.e.patents,utilitymodels,industrialdesigns,etc.
piracy—Unauthorizedcopyingofmaterialsprotectedbyintellectualpropertyrights(suchascopyright,trademarks,patents,geographicalindications,etc)forcommercialpurposesandunauthorizedcommercialdealingincopiedmaterials.
RomeConvention—Treaty,administeredbyWIPO,UNESCOandILO,fortheprotectionoftheworksofperformers,broadcastingorganizationsandproducersofphonograms.
TRIPS—Trade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights.
UPOV—InternationalUnionfortheProtectionofNewVarietiesofPlants
WashingtonTreaty—Treatyfortheprotectionofintellectualpropertyinrespectoflay-outdesignsofintegratedcircuits.
WIPO—WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization.
Investment
export-performancemeasure—Requirementthatacertainquantityofproductionmustbeexported.
FDI—Foreigndirectinvestment.
local-contentmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestorpurchaseacertainamountoflocalmaterialsforincorporationintheinvestor’sproduct.
product-mandating—Requirementthattheinvestorexporttocertaincountriesorregion.
trade-balancingmeasure—Requirementthattheinvestoruseearningsfromexportstopayforimports.
TRIMS—Trade-relatedinvestmentmeasures.
Disputesettlement
AppellateBody—Anindependentseven-personbodythat,uponrequestbyoneormorepartiestothedispute,reviewsfindingsinpanelreports.
automaticity—The“automatic”chronologicalprogressionforsettlingtradedisputesinregardtopanelestablishment,termsofreference,compositionandadoptionprocedures.
DSB—DisputeSettlementBody—whentheWTOGeneralCouncilmeetstosettletradedisputes.
DSU—TheUruguayRoundUnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes.
nullificationandimpairment—Damagetoacountry’sbenefitsandexpectationsfromitsWTOmembershipthroughanothercountry’schangeinitstraderegimeorfailuretocarryoutitsWTO
obligations.
panel—Consistingofthreeexperts,thisindependentbodyisestablishedbytheDSBtoexamineandissuerecommendationsonaparticulardisputeinthelightofWTOprovisions.
Services
accountingrate—Intelecoms,thechargemadebyonecountry’stelephonenetworkoperatorforcallsoriginatinginanothercountry.
commercialpresence—Havinganoffice,branch,orsubsidiaryinaforeigncountry.
GATS—TheWTO’sGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices.
generalobligations—Obligationswhichshouldbeappliedtoallservicessectorattheentryintoforceoftheagreement.
Initialcommitments—Tradeliberalizingcommitmentsinserviceswhichmembersarepreparedtomakeearlyon.
modesofdelivery—Howinternationaltradeinservicesissuppliedandconsumed.Mode1:crossbordersupply;mode2:consumptionabroad;mode3:foreigncommercialpresence;andmode4:movementofnaturalpersons.
multi-modal—Transportationusingmorethanonemode.IntheGATSnegotiations,essentiallydoor-to-doorservicesthatincludeinternationalshipping.
nationalschedules—TheequivalentoftariffschedulesinGATT,layingdownthecommitments
accepted—voluntarilyorthroughnegotiation—byWTOmembers.
naturalpersons—People,asdistinctfromjuridicalpersonssuchascompaniesandorganizations.
offer—Acountry’sproposalforfurtherliberalization.
protocols—AdditionalagreementsattachedtotheGATS.TheSecondProtocoldealswiththe1995commitmentsonfinancialservices.TheThirdProtocoldealswithmovementofnaturalpersons.
prudence,prudential—Infinancialservices,termsusedtodescribeanobjectiveofmarketregulationbyauthoritiestoprotectinvestorsanddepositors,toavoidinstabilityorcrises.
schedule—“ScheduleofSpecificCommitments”—AWTOmember’slistofcommitmentsregardingmarketaccessandbindingsregardingnationaltreatment.
specificcommitments—See“schedule”.
Regionalism/tradeanddevelopment
ACP—African,CaribbeanandPacificcountries.Groupof71countrieswithpreferentialtradingrelationwiththeEUundertheformerLomTreatynowcalledtheCotonouAgreement.
AndeanCommunity—Bolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,PeruandVenezuela.
APEC—AsiaPacificEconomicCooperationforum.
ASEAN—AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ThesevenASEANmembersoftheWTO—Brunei,Indonesia,Malaysia,Myanmar,thePhilippines,SingaporeandThailand—oftenspeakintheWTOasonegroupongeneralissues.TheotherASEANmembersareLaosandVietnam.
Caricom—TheCaribbeanCommunityandCommonMarketcomprises15countries.
CTD—TheWTOCommitteeonTradeandDevelopment
Customsunion—Membersapplyacommonexternaltariff(e.g.theEC).
EC—EuropeanCommunities(officialnameoftheEuropeanUnionintheWTO).
EFTA—EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation.
freetradearea—Tradewithinthegroupisdutyfreebutmemberssetowntariffsonimportsfromnon-members(e.g.NAFTA).
G15—Groupof15developingcountriesactingasthemainpoliticalorganfortheNon-AlignedMovement.
G77—Groupofdevelopingcountriessetupin1964attheendofthefirstUNCTAD(originally77,butnowmorethan130countries).
G7—Groupofsevenleadingindustrialcountries:Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Japan,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates.
GRULAC—InformalgroupofLatin-AmericanmembersoftheWTO.
GSP—GeneralizedSystemofPreferences—programmesbydevelopedcountriesgrantingpreferentialtariffstoimportsfromdevelopingcountries.
HLM—WTOHigh-LevelMeetingforLDCs,heldinOctober1997inGeneva.
ITC—TheInternationalTradeCentre,originallyestablishedbytheoldGATTandisnowoperatedjointlybytheWTOandtheUN,thelatteractingthroughUNCTAD.Focalpointfortechnicalcooperationontradepromotionofdevelopingcountries.
LDCs—Least-developedcountries.
MERCOSUR—Argentina,Brazil,ParaguayandUruguay.
NAFTA—NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementofCanada,MexicoandtheUS.
Quad—Canada,EC,JapanandtheUnitedStates.
SACU—SouthernAfricanCustomsUnioncomprisingBotswana,Lesotho,Namibia,SouthAfricaandSwaziland.
S&D—“Specialanddifferentialtreatment”provisionsfordevelopingcountries.ContainedinseveralWTOagreements.
UNCITRAL—UnitedNationsCentreforInternationalTradeLaw,draftsmodellawssuchastheoneongovernmentprocurement.
UNCTAD—TheUNConferenceonTradeandDevelopment.
Tradeandenvironment
Agenda21—TheAgendaforthe21stCentury—adeclarationfromthe1992EarthSummit(UNConferenceontheEnvironmentandDevelopment)heldinRiodeJaneiro.
ArticleXX—GATTArticlelistingallowed“exceptions”tothetraderules.
BaselConvention—AnMEAdealingwithhazardouswaste.
BTA—Bordertaxadjustment
CITES—ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies.AnMEA.
CTE—TheWTOCommitteeonTradeandEnvironment.
EST—Environmentally-soundtechnology.
EST&P—ESTandproducts.
exante,expost—Beforeandafterameasureisapplied.
LCA—Lifecycleanalysis—amethodofassessingwhetheragoodorserviceisenvironmentallyfriendly.
MEA—Multilateralenvironmentalagreement.
MontrealProtocol—AnMEAdealingwiththedepletionoftheearth’sozonelayer.
PPM—Processandproductionmethod.
TBT—TheWTOAgreementonTechnicalBarrierstoTrade.
waiver—PermissiongrantedbyWTOmembersallowingaWTOmembernottocomplywithnormalcommitments.Waivershavetimelimitsandextensionshavetobejustified.
全国人民代表大会NationalPeople’sCongress(NPC)
主席团Presidium
常务委员会StandingCommittee
办公厅GeneralOffice
秘书处Secretariat
代表资格审查委员会CredentialsCommittee
提案审查委员会MotionsExaminationCommittee
民族委员会EthnicAffairsCommittee
法律委员会LawCommittee
财政经济委员会FinanceandEconomyCommittee
外事委员会ForeignAffairsCommittee
教育、科学、文化和卫生委员会Education,Science,CultureandPublicHealthCommittee
内务司法委员会CommitteeforInternalandJudicialAffairs
华侨委员会OverseasChineseAffairsCommittee
法制工作委员会CommissionofLegislativeAffairs
特定问题调查委员会CommissionofInquiryintoSpecificQuestions
宪法修改委员会CommitteeforRevisionoftheConstitution
2.中华人民共和国主席[PresidentofthePeople’sRepublicofChina]
3.中央军事委员会[CentralMilitaryCommission]
4.最高人民法院[SupremePeople’sCourt]
5.最高人民检察院[SupremePeople’sProcuratorate]
6.国务院[StateCouncil]
(1)国务院部委MinistriesandCommissionsDirectlyundertheStateCouncil
外交部MinistryofForeignAffairs
国防部MinistryofNationalDefence
国家发展计划委员会StateDevelopmentPlanningCommission
国家经济贸易委员会StateEconomicandTradeCommission
教育部MinistryofEducation
科学技术部MinistryofScienceandTechnology
国防科学技术工业委员会CommissionofScience,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDe-fence
国家民族事物委员会StateEthnicAffairsCommission
公安部MinistryofPublicSecurity
国家安全部MinistryofStateSecurity
监察部MinistryofSupervision
民政部MinistryofCivilAffairs
司法部MinistryofJustice
财政部MinistryofFinance
人事部MinistryofPersonnel
劳动和社会保障部MinistryofLabourandSocialSecurity
国土资源部MinistryofLandandResources
建设部MinistryofConstruction
铁道部MinistryofRailways
交通部MinistryofCommunications
信息产业部MinistryofInformationIndustry
水利部MinistryofWaterResources
农业部MinistryofAgriculture
对外贸易经济合作部MinistryofForeignTradeandEconomicCooperation
文化部MinistryofCulture
卫生部MinistryofPublicHealth
国家计划生育委员会StateFamilyPlanningCommission
中国人民银行People’sBankofChina
国家审计署StateAuditingAdministration
(2)国务院办事机构OfficesundertheStateCouncil
国务院办公厅GeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncil
侨务办公室OfficeofOverseasChineseAffairs
港澳台办公室HongKongandMacaoAffairsOffice
台湾事务办公室TaiwanAffairsOffice
法制办公室OfficeofLegislativeAffairs
经济体制改革办公室OfficeforEconomicRestructuring
国务院研究室ResearchOfficeoftheStateCouncil
新闻办公室InformationOffice
公司部门的英文标识名称
总公司HeadOffice
分公司BranchOffice
营业部BusinessOffice
人事部PersonnelDepartment
人力资源部HumanResourcesDepartment
总务部GeneralAffairsDepartment
财务部GeneralAccountingDepartment
销售部SalesDepartment
促销部SalesPromotionDepartment
国际部InternationalDepartment
出口部ExportDepartment
进口部ImportDepartment
公共关系PublicRelationsDepartment
企划部PlanningDepartment
产品开发部ProductDevelopmentDepartment
研发部ResearchandDevelopmentDepartment(R&D)
秘书室SecretarialPool
******
accountnumber帐目编号
ADR(AmericanDepositoryReceipt)美国存托凭证/存股证
Advance-DeclineTheory涨跌理论
adversebalance逆差
advisingbank,notifyingbank通知银行
anapplicationform申请单
Arbitrage套利
Arbitrageur套利者
AsAgent做代理
Ask-BidSystem竞价系统
associatebankerofcollection代收银行
At-the-CloseOrder收盘指令
At-the-Market按市价
At-the-Opening(OpeningOnly)Order开盘指令
BackUp逆向变化
baddebts坏帐
Bandar’snote庄票，银票
bandingmachine自动存取机
bankofcommunications交通银行
bankofissue,bankofcirculation发行币银行
bankstatement对帐单
banker银行家
BanquedeI’IndoChine东方汇理银行
BarChart条线图
BaseMarketvalue基准市场价值
BearMarket熊市
BearRaiders大量抛空者
bearercheck不记名支票
Bearish行情看跌
Bid-and-AskedQuotation(orQuote)买方报价和卖方报价（报价）
blankcheck空白支票
Blowout畅销
bluechips蓝筹股
Blue-ChipStocks蓝筹股
bond,debenture,debts债券
bonusshare红股
bookkeeper簿记员
bookkeeping簿记
branchbank银行分行
Breakout突破
broker/dealer券商，经纪人
BullMarket牛市
Bullish行情看涨
businessaccounting商业会计
BuyingPower购买力
canceledcheck已付支票
Cancellation取消
capitalmarket资本市场
Capitalization资本
cashaccount现金帐
cashbook现金出纳帐
cashcheck现金支票
cash兑现
centralbank,nationalbank,banker’sbank中央银行
Certificate证券证书
certificateofdeposit存单
CharteredBankofIndia,AustraliaandChina麦加利银行
charteredbank特许银行
ChaseBank大通银行
checkbook支票本
checkfortransfer转帐支票
checkstub,counterfoil票根
check支票
clearingandsettlement清算/结算
clearingbank清算银行
clearinghouse票据交换所
Climax(Buying/Selling)放量（买/卖）
Close收盘价
closed-endsecuritiesinvestmentfund封闭式证券投资基金
ClosingTransaction平仓交易
commercialbank商业银行，储蓄信贷银行
commercialcreditcompany(discountcompany)商业信贷公司（贴现公司）
commission佣金
commodity/financialderivatives商品/金融衍生产品
componentindex成份指数
compositeindex综合指数
computerizedaccounting电脑化会计
confirmingbank保兑银行
CongestionArea震荡区
consignedbankerofcollection委托银行
constructionbank建设银行
controllingshareholder控股股东
convertiblebond可转换债券
CorneringtheMarket操纵市场
corporatebond企业债券
Corporation股份公司
correspondingbank往来银行
costaccounting成本会计
countersign双签
credittrading信用交易
creditbureau商业兴信所
creditcard信用卡
creditcooperatives信用社
creditdepartment银行的信用部
creditunion合作银行
crossrate,arbitragerate套汇汇率
crossedcheck横线支票
CumRights含权
CyclicalStock周期性股票
DateofRecord登记日
DayOrder当日委托指令
DayTrading日交易
Dealer交易商
debenture债券
debtchain债务链
deflation通货收缩
depositbook,passbook存折
depositform存款单
depositreceipt存款收据
deposit存款
depositor存户
depreciationaccounting折旧会计
DescendingTops下降顶点趋势
devaluation货币贬值
Dip回调谷
directexchange直接（对角）套汇
discountbank贴现银行
discountrate,bankrate贴现率
discount贴现
dishonoracheck拒付
DistributionArea整理区
Diversification分散投资
dividend红利/股息
domesticbank国内银行
Don’tFighttheTape顺行情交易
DoubleBottom双底
DoubleTop双顶
Dumping抛售
economicboom经济繁荣
economiccrisis经济危机
economiccycle经济周期
economicdepression经济萧条
economicrecession经济衰退
economicrecovery经济复苏
EffectiveDate生效日期
endorse背书
endorser背书人
equitabletaxsystem等价税则
exchangebank汇兑银行
Ex-Distribution(XDis)无分配额
Ex-Dividend(XD)(WithoutDividend)Date除息日
ExpirationDate到期日
Ex-Right(XRT)除权
Facevalue面值
favorablebalance顺差
financialtrust金融信托公司
financing融资
FloorOrderTickets场内委托单
Floor交易大厅
foreigncurrency(exchange)reserve外汇储备
foreignexchangecrisis外汇危机
foreignexchangefluctuation外汇波动
forgedcheck伪支票
Free-Riding自由放纵投机行为
FrozenAccount冻结账户
fundcustodianbank基金托管银行
fundmanager基金经理/管理公司
FundamentalAnalysis基本面分析
Futures期货
Gap跳空
GDR(GlobalDepositoryReceipt)全球存托凭证/存股证
generalledger总帐
gilt-edgedbond金边债券
goldreserve黄金储备
hardcurrency硬通货
HeadandShoulders头肩形
hedgefund对冲基金
Highballing高价交易
highly-leveragedinstitutions(HLI)高杠杆交易机构
HolderofRecord登记持股人
HoldingtheMarket托盘
homeloanbank家宅贷款银行
HongKongShanghaiBankingCorporation汇丰银行
honoracheck兑付
HorizontalPriceMovement横盘
HotIssue抢手证券
idlecapital游资
importandexportbank(EXIMBANK)进出口银行
IntheTank跳水
InactiveMarket不活跃市场
Index指数
indirectexchange间接（三角）套汇
industrialandcommercialbank工商银行
industrialbank实业银行
inflation通货膨胀
informationdisclosure信息披露
insidertrading/dealing内幕交易
Insider内幕人
Institution机构投资者
institutionalinvestor机构投资者
intermediary中介机构
internationalbalanceofpayment国际收支
internationalmonetarysystem国际货币制度
investmentbank投资银行
IPO(InitialPublicOffering)新股初始公开发行
Issued-and-OutstandingStocks已发行流通股
issuer发行人
issuingbank,openingbank开证银行
JointAccount联合账户
jointventurebank合资银行
journal,day-book日记帐，流水帐
junkbond立即债券
landbank土地银行
LastTradingDay最后交易日
letterofcredit信用证
Liquidation清仓
liquidity流通性
ListedStock上市股票
localbank本地银行
LongMarketvalue所持证券市场价值
LongPosition多头头寸
Manipulation操纵
margins,collateral保证金
marketcapitalization市值
marketmanipulation市场操纵
MarketPrice市场价格
Marketvalue市场价值
Marketability流动性
mark-to-market逐日盯市
MatchedOrders对敲指令
memberbank,creditbank储蓄信贷银行
merchantbank,acceptingbank承兑银行
mergerandacquisition收购兼并
Merger合并
monetarymarket货币市场
money(financial)market金融市场
moneyincirculation货币流通量
moneyshop,nativebank钱庄
mortgagebank,buildingsociety抵押银行
mutualsavingsbank互助储蓄银行
nationalbudget国家预算
NationalCityBankofNewYork花旗银行
nationalgrossproduct国民生产总值
Negotiability流通性
negotiableshare可流通股份
negotiationbank议付银行
neighborhoodsavingsbank,bankofdeposit街道储蓄所
NewIssue新发行
noteissue纸币发行量
Offer要价
Offering(Asked)Price卖方要价
OfferingDate发行日
Off-FloorOrder场外委托
OntheTape行情显示
On-FloorOrder场内委托
open/closeaposition建/平仓
open-endsecuritiesinvestmentfund开放式证券投资基金
OpeningOnlyOrder开盘委托指令
OpeningTransaction建仓交易
Opening开盘价
ordercheck记名支票
outstandingcheck未付支票
overdraft,overdraw透支
overseasbank国外银行
Oversold超卖
Overvalued估值过高
P(rice)/E(arnings)Ratio市盈率
p/e(price/earning)ratio市盈率
PaperLoss/Profit账面损益
pay-inslip存款单
payingbank付款银行
paymentversusdelivery银券交付
Pennant尖旗形
Picture行情
Place发售
Portfolio证券组合
Position头寸
postofficesavingsbank邮局储蓄银行
premium溢价
president行长
PriceRange价格范围
PrimaryDistribution(Offering)初次发售
primarymarket一级市场
PrimaryMovement大趋势
Principalvalue本金值
principal本金
Principals(Stockholders)股东
privatedeposits私人存款
ProfitTaking活力回吐
proprietarytrading自营
prospectus招股说明书
PublicOffering(Distribution)公开发售
publicaccounting公共会计
publicbond公债
Purchasing(Buying)Power购买力
put/calloption看跌/看涨期权
raisedcapital/proceeds筹资
Rally反弹
ratingagency评级机构
ReadingtheTape看盘
RecordDate登记日
redchips红筹股
Reorganization资产重组
requestingbank委托开证银行
reservebank准备银行
Resistancelevel阻挡线
Resistance阻挡区
retail/privateinvestor个人投资者/散户
revaluation货币增值
Reversal反转
RiggedMarket受操纵的市场
rightsissue/offering配股
RisingBottom上升谷底趋势
roadshow路演
RoundingBottom(Saucer)圆底
RoundingTop圆顶
rubbercheck空头支票
savingsbank储蓄银行
Screen(Stocks)选股
SecondaryDistribution(Offering)二次发售
secondarylisting第二上市
secondarymarket二级市场
SecondaryMarket二级市场
SecuritiesAnalysis证券分析
securitiesloan融券
securities证券
SeekaMarket寻求入市机会
self-regulatoryorganization(SRO)自律组织
self-servicebank无人银行
SellingOff(Sell-Off)止损抛售
sharecapital股本
Share股份
share,equity,stock股票、股权
ShortPosition空头头寸
SoftMarket疲软市场
softcurrency软通货
specimensignature签字式样
Speculation投机
SplitDown并股
Spread价差
Stag攫利者
Stagflation滞胀
Stagnation萧条
stockexchange股票交易所
stock,share股票
Stockholder(Shareholder)持股人
Stocks股票
strongroom,vault保险库
subscribe申购
SubscriptionRatio认购比率
subsidiaryledger分户帐
Substitution(Swap)替代（互换）
SupportLevel支撑线
Support支撑区
surplus结余
suspendpayment止付
Sweetener甜头
Takeover接管
TechnicalAnalysis技术分析
TechnicalSign技术讯号
thepurchasingpowerofmoney货币购买力
TickerTape行情显示系统
TightMarket旺市
Tip提供消息
TotalCost总成本
TotalVolume总成交量
TradeDate交易日
Trader交易商
TradingFloor交易大厅
traveler’scheck旅行支票
treasury/governmentbond国库券/政府债券
treasurybill国库券
Trend趋势
Trendline趋势线
Triangle三角形
trustcompany信托公司
trustinstitution银行的信托部
trusteesavingsbank信托储蓄银行
turnoverrate换手率
Undervalued估价过低
underwriter承销商
unincorporatedbank钱庄
Un-issuedStock未发行股票
unittrust信托投资公司
Uptrend上升趋势
Volume交易量
WFormationW底
warrant认股权证
WeakMarket弱市
Wedge楔形
WithoutDividend除息
不景气slump（衰退recession）
二板市场thesecondboardmarket中国创业板ChinaGrowthEnterpriseMarket首次上市IPOs(initialpublicoffering)市场资本总额marketcapitalization法人股institutionalshares内部股（非上市招股）privatecompanyshares牛市bullmarket
法律风险legalrisk
风险管理riskmanagement坚持严格的贷款标准maintainstrongunderwritingstandards六大风险risksin6keyareas(U.S.FederalReservecriterion)信用风险creditrisk
供给学派supply-sideeconomist第一产业（农业）agriculture(primaryindustry)第二产业（工业）manufacturingindustry(secondaryindustry)第三产业（服务业）serviceindustry(tertiaryindustry)主要经济指标majoreconomicindicators国内生产总值GDPgrossdomesticproduct（商品和劳务币值总和，不包括海外收入支出）国民生产总值GNPgrossnationalproduct（商品和劳务币值总和，包括海外收入支出）人均国内生产总值GDPpercapita
宏观经济macroeconomy
互助基金mutualfund扩大内需expanddomesticdemand改善居民心理预期inspirethegeneralpublic’sconfidenceinthefutureneeds鼓励增加即期消费encouragemoreimmediateconsumption长期国债long-termtreasurybonds支付国债利息toservicetreasurybonds财政赤字和债务deficitsandthenationaldebt按原口径计算calculateonthebaseline按不变价格计算calculateatconstantprice按可比价格计算calculateatcomparableprice列入财政预算支出listedinthefiscalbudget结售汇制度thesystemofexchange,settlementandsales经常项目顺差favorablebalanceofcurrentaccount,surplusofcurrentaccount开办人民币业务engageinRenminbi(RMB)business出口退税制度thesystemofrefundingtaxesonexportedgoods保证金台帐制度Depositaccountsystemforprocessingtrade分期付款paybyinstallment保值储蓄inflation-proofbanksavings抵押贷款collateralisedloans住房抵押贷款residentialmortgageloan
货币主义者monetarist
计划经济plannedeconomy指令性计划mandatoryplan
技术密集型technologyintensive大规模生产massproduction
经济林cashtree跟踪审计follow-upauditing
流动性风险liquidityrisk操作风险operationalrisk
内部审计internalaudit
抛售bearsales
配套政策supportingpolicies中国人民银行（中央银行）ThePeople’sBankofChina（centralbank）四大国有商业银行4majorstate-ownedcommercialbanks中国银行Bankofchina中国工商银行IndustrialandCommercialBankofChina（）and中国建设银行ConstructionBankofChina中国农业银行AgriculturalBankofChina招商银行ChinaMerchantsBank
疲软股票softstock配股allotmentofshares
实际增长率growthrateinrealterms年均增长率averagegrowthrateperannum投资回报率rateofreturnoninvestment外贸进出口总额totalforeigntradevalue实际利用外资incomingoverseascapital(investment)inplace消费价格指数consumerpriceindex(CPI)零售价格指数retailpriceindex（RPI）生活费用价格总指数totalpriceindexoflivingcost生活费用incomeavailableforlivingexpenses扣除物价因素inrealterms/oninflation-adjustedbasis居民储蓄存款residents’banksavingsdeposit恩格尔系数（食品开支占总支出的比例）Engelcoefficient基尼系数（衡量地区差别）Ginicoefficient购买力平价法purchasingpowerparity(PPP)（衡量使用不同货币的两个国家或地区的经济水平、收入水平的一种计算法，用相等的汇率比较两种货币各自的国内购买力）片面追求发展速度excessivepursuitofgrowth泡沫经济bubbleeconomy经济过热overheatingofeconomy通货膨胀inflation
实体经济therealeconomy经济规律lawsofeconomics
市场调节marketregulation优化资源配置optimizeallocationofresources规模经营优势advantageofeconomiesofscale劳动密集型laborintensive
市场风险marketrisk
信息经济ITeconomy外向型经济export-orientedeconomy
信息时代informationage全球化globalization（全球性globality）
政策性银行statepolicy-relatedbank国家发展银行StateDevelopmentBank
知识经济knowledge-basedeconomy网络经济Internet-basednetworkedeconomy
指导性计划guidanceplan社会主义市场经济（中国）socialistmarketeconomy社会市场经济（德国）socialmarketeconomy新经济（美国）neweconomy
中国光大银行EverbrightBankofChina中国民声银行ChinaMinshengBankingCorporationLtd.中信实业银行CITICIndustrialBank
中国进出口银行ChinaEXIMBank汇丰银行HongKongandShanghaiBankingCorporation(HKSBC)金融监管financialsupervision中国人民银行法LawofthePeople’sBankofChina商业银行法LawofCommercialBanks保险法LawofInsurance证券法LawofSecurities巴塞尔原则BaselCorePrinciples监管对象的行为有问题、管理机制不健全problemsofsupervisedentities’behaviorandtheunsoundinternalgovernancemechanism风险意识consciousnessofriskprevention事前监管proactiveregulationandsupervision
（补贴协议）可诉补贴Actionablesubsidy
(纺织品与服装、农产品)一体化进程Integrationprocess
（服务贸易）境外消费Consumptionabroad
（服务贸易）跨境交付Crossbordersupply
（服务贸易）商业存在Commercialpresence
(服务贸易)自然人naturalperson
(服务贸易)自然人流动Presenceofnaturalperson
(解决争端)被诉方Defendant
（解决争端）调查结果Findings
(解决争端)上诉Appeal
(解决争端)申诉方Complaint
(利益的)丧失和减损Nullificationandimpairment
(农产品)国内支持Domesticsupport
（农产品）综合支持量AMS(AggregateMeasurementofSupport)
（农产品国内支持）黄箱措施AmberBoxmeasures
（农产品国内支持）蓝箱措施BOP(Balance-of-payments)Provisions
（农产品国内支持）绿箱措施GreenBoxmeasures
(农业)多功能性Multifunctionality
（欧盟）共同农业政策CommonAgriculturePolicy
(争端解决)专家组Panel
（知识产权）地理标识Geographicalindications
《巴黎公约》(关于保护工业知识产权的公约)ParisConvention
《巴塞尔公约》（有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定）BaselConvention
《北美自由贸易协定》NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement)
《濒危物种国际贸易公约》ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies
《多种纤维协定》MFA(MultifibreAgreement)
《纺织品与服装协议》ATC(AgreementonTextilesandClothing)
《服务贸易总协定》GATS(GeneralAgreementonTradeinServices)
《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》DSU(UnderstandingonRulesandProceduresGoverningtheSettlementofDisputes)
《京都议定书》KyotoProtocol
《里斯本条约》（有关地理标识及其国际注册）LisbonAgreement
《蒙特利尔议定书》(有关保护大气臭氧层的多边环境协定)MontrealProtocol
《农产品协议》特殊保障SSG(SpecialSafeguard)
《农业协议》中关于反补贴的和平条款Peaceclause
《生物多样性公约》CBD(ConventiononBiologicalDiversity)
《信息技术协议》ITA(InformationTechnologyAgreement)
WTO最不发达国家高级别会议HLM(WTOHigh-levelMeetingforLDCs)
北美自由贸易区NAFTA(NorthAmericanFreeTradeArea)
采取措施后Expost
采取措施前Exante
产品生命周期分析LCA(LifeCycleAnalysis)
出口补贴Exportsubsidy
出口实绩Exportperformance
垂直兼并verticalmerger
当地含量Localcontent
电子商务ElectronicCommerce
东部和南部非洲共同市场COMESA(CommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica)
东盟自由贸易区ASEANFreeTradeArea
动植物卫生检疫措施SPS(SanitaryandPhytosanitaryStandard)
反补贴税Countervailingduty
反倾销措施anti-dumpingmeasuresagainst…
反向通知Counter-notification
非配额产品quota-freeproducts
非生产性投资investmentinnon-productiveprojects
非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团（洛美协定）ACP(African,CaribbeanandPacificGroup)
风险管理/评估riskmanagement/assessment
关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身GATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)
规避Circumvention
国际标准化组织ISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)
国际纺织品服装局ITCB(InternationalTextileandClothingBureau)
国际货币基金组织IMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)
国际劳工组织ILO(InternationalLaborOrganization)
国际贸易中心ITC(InternationalTradeCenter)
国际贸易组织ITO(InternationalTradeOrganization)
国际贸易组织临时委员会ICITO(InterimCommissionfortheInternationalTradeOrganization)
国际清算internationalsettlement
国际收支balanceofinternationalpayments/balanceofpayment
国际收支条款BOP(Balance-of-payments)Provisions
国际兽疫组织InternationalOfficeofEpizootics
国民待遇Nationaltreatment
国内补贴Domesticsubsidy
国内生产Domesticproduction
海关估价Customsvaluation
海关完税价值Customsvalue
横向兼并horizontalmerger
环保型技术EST(Environmentally-soundtechnology)
灰色区域措施Greyareameasures
货币留成制度Currencyretentionscheme
货币贸易理事会CTG(CouncilforTradeinGoods)
基础税率Basetarifflevel
既定日程Built-inagenda
交叉报复Crossretaliation
进口差价税Importvariableduties
进口附加税Importsurcharge
进口环节税importlinkagetax
进口渗透Importpenetration
进口替代Importsubstitution
进口许可Importlicensing
进口押金Importdeposits
经济合作与发展组织OECD(OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment)
垃圾融资junkfinancing
联合国环境署UNEP(UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram)
联合国开发计划署UNDP(UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram)
联合国粮农组织FAO(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedStates)
联合国贸易与发展会议UNCTAD(UnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment)
粮食安全Foodsecurity
慢性萧条chronicdepression
贸易和投资自由化和便利化TILF(TradeandInvestmentLiberalizationandFacilitation)
贸易与发展委员会CommitteeonTradeandDevelopment
贸易与环境委员会CommitteeonTradeandEnvironment
模式Modalities
南方共同市场（或称南锥体共同市场）MERCOSUR(SouthernCommonMarket)
南亚区域合作联盟SAARC(SouthAsianAssociationforRegionalcooperation)
欧洲自由贸易联盟EFTA(EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)
配额调整条款modulationofquotaclause
瓶颈制约‘bottleneck’restrictions
全球配额globalquota
上诉机构Appealbody
申报制度reportingsystem;incomedeclarationsystem
生产补贴Productionsubsidy
实行国民待遇grantthenationaltreatmentto
实质损害Materialinjury
食品法典委员会CAC(CodexAlimentariesCommission)
世界海关组织WCO(WorldCustomsOrganization)
世界贸易组织WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)
世界知识产权组织WIPO(WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization)
市场准人的行政管理措施AAMA(AdministrativeAspectsofMarketAccess)
市场准入Marketaccess
通知义务Notificationobligation
同类产品Likeproduct
乌拉圭回合UruguayRound
消费膨胀inflatedconsumption
协调制度（商品名称及编码协调制度）HS(HarmonizedCommodityandCodingSystem)
新议题Newissues
许可费Licensefee
有秩序的市场安排Orderlymarketarrangements
约束水平Boundlevel
争端解决机构DisputeSettlementBody
政府采购Governmentprocurement
知识产权IPRs(Intellectualpropertyrights)
直接支付Directpayment
诸边协议Plurilateralagreement
专门的营销机构Marketboards
转基因生物GMOs(GeneticallyModifiedOrganisms)
祖父条款grandfatherclause
最不发达国家LDCs(Least-developedcountries)
最初谈判权(初谈权)INRs(InitialNegotiatingRights)
最惠国待遇（现通常称’正常贸易关系’）MFN（most-favored-nation)treatment
最惠国贸易地位(待遇)MFN(Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)
部属机构属译名（以化学工业为例）
化学工业部MinistryofChemicalIndustry
计划司PlanningDepartment
外事司ForeignAffairsDepartment
人事司PersonnelDepartment
化工新材料局NewChemicalMaterialDepartment
化工司ChemicalDepartment
橡胶司RubberDepartment
炼化司DepartmentofRefiningandChemicals
矿山司ChemicalMinesBureau
化工规划院ChemicalPlanningInstitute
设备总公司EquipmentGeneralCorporation
基建局CapitalConstructionDepartment
教育司EducationDepartment
化肥司ChemicalFertilizerDepartment
供销局DepartmentofSupplyandSales
市属机械译名（以北京市为例）
北京市人大常委会StandingCommitteeofBeijingMunicipalPeople’sCongress
中国共产党北京市委员会BeijingMunicipalCommitteeoftheCPC
中国人民政治协商会议北京市委员会BeijingMunicipalCommitteeoftheCPPCC
北京市人民政府BeijingMunicipalPeople’sGovernment
高级人民法院HighPeople’sCourt
人民检察院People’sProcuratorate
外事办公室ForeignAffairsOffice
侨务办公室OverseasChineseAffairsOffice
财贸办公室OfficeofFinanceandTrade
文教办公室OfficeofCultureandEducation
计划委员会PlanningCommittee
经济委员会EconomicCommittee
城乡建设委员会CommitteeofMunicipalandRuralConstruction
科学技术委员会CommitteeofScienceandTechnology
城市规划委员会CommitteeofMunicipalDesign
对外经贸委员会CommitteeofEconomicTradeforForeignCountries
市政管理委员会MunicipalAdministrationCommittee
民族委员会NationalitiesCommittee
体育委员会PhysicalCultureandSportsCommittee
计划生育委员会FamilyPlanningCommittee
人事局PersonnelBureau
科技干部管理局BureauofScientificandTechnicalPersonnel
老干部局BureauofRetiredVeteranCadres
统计局StatisticalBureau
物价局BureauofCommodityPrice
工商行政管理局AdministrationBureauforIndustryandCommerce
商品检验局BureauforInspectionofCommodities
审计局AuditingBureau
财政局FinanceBureau
税务局TaxBureau
劳动局LaborBureau
档案局ArchivesBureau
物资管理局BureauofMaterials
标准计量局BureauofStandardMeasurement
公用局BureauifPublicUtilities
广播电视局BureauofRadioandTelevision
教育委员会EducationCommittee
文化局BureauofCulture
文物事业管理局BureauofCulturalRelics
卫生局HealthBureau
乡镇企业管理局BureauifTownshipEnterpriseManagement
地质矿产局BureauofGeologyandmineralResources
农业局AgriculturalBureau
林业局ForestryBureau
水产局BureauofAquaticProducts
气象局MeteorologicalBureau
水资源管理局ControlBureauofWaterResources
园林局BureauofParksandWoods
环境保护局BureauforEnvironmentalProtection
环境卫生管理局BureauforEnvironmentalHealth
商业委员会CommerceCommittee
粮食局FoodBureau
房地产管理局RealEstateBureau
城市规划管理局BureauforMunicipalDesign
机械设备成套局BureauforCompletePlantsofMachineryandEquipment
公安局PublicSecurityBureau
安全局SecurityBureau
司法局JusticeBureau
民政局BureauofCivilAffairs
劳改工作管理局BureauofReform-through-LaborWork
旅游局TravelBureau/TourismAdministration
铁路局RailwaysBureau
邮政局PostBureau
电信局TelecommunicationsBureau
北京民航管理局BeijingBureauofCivilAviation
北京海关BeijingCustoms
外交人员服务局ServiceBureauforForeignOfficials
首都钢铁公司CapitalIronandSteelCompany
燕山石化总公司YanshanPetro-ChemicalIndustryCorporation
企业
半导体器械厂Semi-ConductorApparatusPlant
包装材料厂PackagingMaterialsPlant
保温瓶厂ThermosFlaskFactory
炼钢厂SteelWorks
被单厂BedsheetFactory
变压器厂Transformerfactory
玻璃制品厂GlasswareFactory
茶厂TeaProcessingFactory
柴油机厂DieselEnginePlant
车辆制造厂RailwayCarPlant
船舶修造厂ShipRepairYard
灯具厂LightingEquipmentFactory
低压开关厂Low-VoltageSwitchFactory
汽车制造厂AutomobileWorks
发电厂PowerPlant
电动工具厂ElectricToolWorks
电机厂ElectricalMachineryPlant
电讯器材厂TelecommunicationApparatusFactory
电子管厂ElectronicTubeFactory
电子设备厂ElectronicEquipmentFactory
铸造厂FoundryWorks
纺织机械厂TextileMachineryPlant
服装厂GarmentFactory
皮革制品厂LeatherGoodsFactory
罐头食品厂CannedFoodPlant
光学仪器厂OpticalInstrumentFactory
广播器材厂BroadcastingEquipmentFactory
锅炉厂BoilerFactory
化肥厂ChemicalFertilizerPlant
化工厂ChemicalWorks
化学纤维厂ChemicalFiberPlant
化妆品厂CosmeticsPlant
机床厂MachineToolsPlant
机械修理厂MachineRepairPlant
建筑机械厂ConstructionMachineryPlant
金属工艺制品厂MetalHandicraftPlant
晶体管厂TransistorFactory
绝缘材料厂InsulatingMaterialsPlant
民族乐器厂FolkMusicInstrumentFactory
炼油厂OilRefinery
粮油加工厂GrainandCookingOilProcessingFactory
毛纺织厂WoolenMill
木材厂TimberMill
家具厂FurnitureFactory
农药厂InsecticideFactory
啤酒厂BeerBrewery
汽车修配厂Motor-CarRepairandAssemblyPlant
人造纤维厂ArtificialFiberPlant
乳品加工厂MilkProcessingPlant
石油化工机械厂Petro-ChemicalMachineryPlant
水泥厂CementPlant
塑料厂PlasticsPlant
搪瓷厂EnamelPlant
陶瓷厂PotteryandporcelainFactory
通用机械厂GeneralMachineryPlant
玩具厂ToyFactory
无线电器材厂RadioAppliancesFactory
五金厂HardwareFactory
橡胶厂RubberPlant
制药厂PharmaceuticalFactory
羊毛衫厂WoolenSweaterMill
针织厂KnitwearMill
冶炼厂MetallurgicalPlant
医疗器械厂MedicalApparatusFactory
仪表厂InstrumentandMetersFactory
饮料厂SoftDrinksPlant
印染厂PrintingandDyeingMill
油漆厂PaintFactory
有机化工厂OrganicChemicalPlant
造纸机械厂PaperMakingMachineryPlant
造船厂ShipbuildingPlant
自行车厂BicyclePlant
公司、企业集团
家用电器有限公司HouseholdElectricalApplianceCo.,Ltd.
技贸公司TechnologyandTradeCo.,Ltd.
钢铁公司IronandSteelCompany
保安服务公司SecurityServiceCompany
针织有限公司KnittingCompanyLtd.
实业集团公司IndustrialGroupCorporation
国际租赁公司InternationalLeasingCompany
电子技术开发公司ElectronicTechnologyDevelopmentCo.
毛纺织有限公司WoolenTextileCo.,Ltd.
系统工程有限公司SystemEngineeringCorporation
计算机集团公司ComputerGroupCo.
时装有限公司FashionCompanyLtd.
科学技术开发公司ScienceandTechnicalDevelopmentCompany
水产品有限公司AquaticProductCompanyLtd.
旅游公司TravelCorporation
服装公司GarmentCompanyLtd.
电冰箱厂有限公司RefrigeratorFactoryCo.,Ltd.
电风扇工业公司ElectricFanIndustryCompany
电力机械制造公司ElectricalMachineryManufacturingCompany
电信发展公司TelecommunicationsDevelopmentCo.
电子器材公司ElectronicEquipment&MaterialsCorporation
建筑工程ConstructionProjectConsulting
咨询公司Corporation
科学仪器ScientificInstrumentImportand
进出口公司ExportCo.
仪器设备公司InstrumentandEquipmentCompany
汽车企业集团AutomobileEnterpriseGroup
技术开发咨询公司TechnicalDevelopmentandConsultancyCo.
对外服务公司ForeignServiceCompany
对外经济发展公司ForeignEconomicDevelopmentCompany
纺织企业集团TextileEnterpriseGroup
对外贸易公司ForeignTradeCompany
贸易有限公司TradingCompanyLtd.
国际投资有限公司InternationalInvestmentCompany
塑料制品有限公司PlasticProductsCo.,Ltd.
工艺美术品公司ArtsandCraftsCorporation
国际经济技术合作公司InternationalEconomic&TechnologicalConsultingCorporation
国际经济开发公司InternationalEconomicDevelopmentCorporation
国际科技咨询公司InternationalScientificandTechnologicalConsultingCorporation
国际贸易展览公司InternationalTradeExhibitionCompany
国际商业服务公司InternationalCommercialServiceCompany
国际信息处理有限公司InternationalInformationProcessingCo.,Ltd.
国际经济合作公司InternationalEconomicCooperationCorporation
国际工程集团InternationalEngineeringGroupCorporation
制衣实业公司GarmentsIndustrialCompany
化工工程咨询公司ChemicalEngineeringConsultingCorporation
计算机技术ComputerTechnologyService
服务公司Corporation
工程承包有限公司ProjectContractingCo.,Ltd.
建筑设计合资公司BuildingDesignJointVentureCorporation
交通进出口CommunicationsImport&Export
服务公司ServiceCompany
饭店集团服务公司HotelGroup,Ltd.
饮料有限公司BeverageCompanyLimited
建筑工程公司ConstructionEngineeringCo.
陶瓷企业集团PorcelainIndustryComplex
饲料技术开发集团FeedTechnologicalDevelopmentGroup
能源开发公司EnergyDevelopmentCorporation
民办交通信息中心Non-GovernmentalTransportInformationCenter
国货有限公司ChinaProductsCompanyLtd.
气象服务公司MeteorologicalServiceCompany
农资公司AgriculturalMaterialsCompany
化纤工业集团公司ChemicalFiberIndustryGroup
房产投资有限公司Realty&InvestmentCompany
房地产开发公司RealEstateDevelopmentCompany
国际集装箱有限公司InternationalContainerCo.,Ltd.
证券公司SecuritiesCompany
塑料皮革工业公司PlasticsandLeatherIndustrialCompany
讨债公司DebtCollectingCompany
新型建筑材料供应公司NewBuildingMaterialsSupplyCompany
金融、保险机构
中国人民建设银行People’sConstructionBankofChina
中国工商银行IndustrialandCommercialBankofChina
中国农业银行AgriculturalBankofChina
中国银行BankofChina
交通银行BankofCommunications
中国投资银行ChinaInvestmentBank
中信实业银行CITICIndustrialBank
中国光大银行EverbrightBankofChina
厦门国际银行XiamenInternationalBank
广东发展银行GuangdongDevelopmentBank
浦东发展银行PudongDevelopmentBank
中国国际信托投资公司ChinaInternationalTrust＆InvestmentCorporation
中国人民保险公司People’sInsuranceCompanyofChina
平安保险公司PingAnInsuranceCompany
中国人寿保险公司ChinaLifeInsuranceCompanyLtd.
商店
书店booksstore
粮店grainstore
食品点foodstore
煤店coalstore
食品杂货（副食品）店grocery
酱园sauceandpicklesshop
肉店meat(butcher’s)shop
酒店wineshop
水产店aquaticproductsshop
家禽店fowlshop
豆腐店beancurdshop
烤肉店roastmeatshop
卤味店saucedmeatshop
饮食店foodanddrinkshop
小吃店eatinghouse(snackbar)
饭店restaurant
冷饮店colddrinksshop
蔬菜店水果店greengrocery(greengrocer’s)
蔬菜店vegetablesshop
鞋帽店shoesandhatsstore
百货公司departmentstore
百货商场generalmerchandisemarket
服装店clothingstore
成衣店ready-madeclothesshop
呢绒绸布店wool,silkandcottonfabricsstore
药店（美：杂货店）drugstore(pharmacy)
儿童用品商店children’sgoodsshop
妇女用品商店women’sgoodsshop
钟表店watchandclockship
文具店stationer’s(stationeryshop)
日用杂货店daily-usesundrygoodsshop
炊事用具商店cookingutensilsshop
家用器具商店householdutensilsshop
五金商店metalproductsshop
家具店furnitureshop
眼镜店eyeglassesstore
玻璃礼品店glassgiftsstore
爆竹鞭炮店fireworksshop
电器商店electricalapplianceshop
油漆店paintshop
化工油漆染料店chemicals,paintanddyestuffsshop
地产建材商店nativebuildingmaterialsstore
照相馆（摄影室）photographicstudio(photographer’s)
旧货店second-handgoodsstore(usedgoodsstore)
寄卖商店commissionshop
综合修理店generalrepairshop(service)
工艺美术服务社artsandcraftsshop
花店flowershop
古玩珠宝店antiquesandjewelryshop
香烟店（摊）cigaretteshop(stall)
售报亭newspaperandmagazinestand
茶馆teahouse
理发店barber’sshop(hairdresser’s)
洗澡堂bathhouse
旅店/旅馆inn/hotel
邮局postoffice
中国人民团体People’sOrganizationsofChina
测绘学会SocietyofGeodesy,PhotogrammetryandCartography
地震学会SeismologicalSociety
国际金融学会InternationalFinanceSociety
国际战略问题学会InstituteforInternationalStrategicStudies
海洋学会SocietyofOceanography
科普学会PopularScienceSociety
全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会NationalCouncilonCulturalandArtWorkforChildren
全国少年儿童工作协调委员会NationalChildren’sWorkCoordinationCommittee
全国史学会ChinaSocietyofHistory
宋庆龄基金会（上海）SongChingLingFoundation(Shanghai)
中国奥林匹克委员会ChineseOlympicCommittee
中国笔会中心ChinesePenCenter
中国标准化协会ChinaAssociationforStandardization
中国残疾人福利基金会ChinaWelfareFundfortheHandicapped
中国出版协会ChinesePublishersAssociation
中国道教协会ChineseTaoistAssociation
中国电视艺术家协会ChineseTelevisionArtistsAssociation
中国电影家协会ChinaFilmAssociation
中国法律质询中心ChineseLegalConsultancyCenter
中国法律会ChinaLawSociety
中国翻译工作者协会TranslatorsAssociationofChina
中国佛教协会ChineseBuddhistsAssociation
中国福利会ChinaWelfareInstitute
中国歌剧研究会ChineseOperaResearchInstitute
中国共产主义青年团CommunistYouthLeagueofChina
中国国际法学会ChineseSocietyofInternationalLaw
中国国际交流协会AssociationforInternationalUnderstandingofChina
中国红十字会总会RedCrossSocietyofChina
中国会计学会ChinaAccountingSociety
中国基督教“三自”爱国运动委员会Three-SelfPatrioticMovementCommitteeoftheProtestantChurchesofChina
中国基督教协会ChinaChristianCouncil
中国计量测试学会ChineseSocietyforMeasurement
中国金融学会ChineseMonetarySociety
中国考古协会ArchaeologicalSocietyofChina
中国科学技术史学会ChineseSocietyofScienceandTechnologyHistory
中国科学技术协会ChinaSocietyandTechnologyAssociation
中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会NationalCommissionofThePeople’sRepublicofChinaforUNESCO
中国联合国协会UnitedNationsAssociationofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
中国美术家协会ChineseArtistsAssociation
中国民间文艺家协会ChinaSocietyfortheStudyofFolkLiteratureandArt
中国企业管理协会ChinaEnterpriseManagementAssociation
中国曲艺家协会ChineseBalladSingersAssociation
中国人民保卫儿童基金会ChinesePeople’sNationalCommitteeforDefenseofChildren
中国人民对外友好协会ChinesePeople’sAssociationforFriendshipwithForeignCountries
中国少年儿童基金会Children’sFoundationofChina
中国少年先锋队ChinaYoungPioneers
中国摄影家协会ChinesePhotographersSociety
中国书法家协会ChineseCalligraphersAssociation
中国天主教爱国会ChinesePatrioticCatholicAssociation
中国天主教教务委员会NationalAdministrativeCommissionoftheChineseCatholicChurch
中国天主教主教团ChineseCatholicBishopsCollege
中国文学艺术界联合会ChinaFederationofLiteraryandArtCircles
中国舞蹈家协会ChineseDancersAssociation
中国戏剧家协会ChineseDramatistsAssociation
中国伊斯兰教协会ChineseIslamicAssociation
中国音乐家协会ChineseMusiciansAssociation
中国杂技艺术家协会ChineseAcrobatsAssociation
中国政法学会ChinaSocietyofPoliticalScienceandLaw
中国作家协会ChineseWritersAssociation
中化全国妇女联合会All-ChinaWomen’sFederation
中华全国工商联合会All-ChinaFederationofIndustryandCommerce
中华全国归国华侨联合会All-ChinaFederationofReturnedOverseasChinese
中华全国青年联合会All-ChinaYouthFederation
中华全国世界语联合会All-ChinaEsperantoLeague
中华全国台湾同胞联谊会All-ChinaFederationofTaiwanCompatriots
中华全国体育总会All-ChinaSportsFederation
中华全国新闻工作者协会All-ChinaJournalists’Association