在研究生英语入学考试中，英语写作历来是考生的一个难点。英语写作主要考查考生运用英语的综合能力，其中包括用英语组织篇章段落的能力、英语的语句表达能力以及语法的综合运用能力。要做好写作部分的试题，要求考生不仅具有较扎实的语言基础，而且还要掌握一些写作的基本技能，如：信息的分析和综合能力以及丰富的想像力。英文写作是一个最能体现考生书面英语水平和技能的测试项目。
一、写作B部分命题的基本指导思想
考试大纲对写作的评价目标
根据《大纲》规定：考生应根据题目以及写作提纲或规定的情境、图表、图画等写出大约200个词的短文。具体要求概括如下：
(1)内容切题，包含提纲或图画的全部要点和信息。所谓内容切题是指所写的短文切合题意，即正确理解题目的意思。误解题目或曲解题意，写出来的短文答非所问就是跑题。另外，也要注意不漏掉提纲或图画中的要点和信息，如果提纲中给出了三个要点，考生却只写了两个要点，显然从内容上就不切题了。因此，审题是短文写作成败的关键。考生一定要认真阅读写作要求，仔细琢磨题意，弄清题目以及写作提纲或规定情境、图表的内容范围，依此表达题目限定的中心思想，做到内容切题。
(2)表达清楚，意思连贯。表达清楚是指清楚地表达思想，而不是含糊其辞，使人不得要领。在写作过程中，考生应思路清晰，运用恰当的语句表达意思。此外，还要根据题目要求，围绕中心提出论点，摆出论据，使短文层次分明，合乎逻辑。意思连贯是指句子与句子、段落与段落之间衔接自然，整体性强。考生应熟练运用连接词语来正确表达一个观点与另一观点之间的关系。
(3)用词正确，句式有变化，语言比较规范。语言比较规范是指在遣词造句中应符合英语语法和习惯用法。首先在词语运用上能够选用恰当的、能够准确表达意义的词，并能显示出一定的词汇量(用词面较宽);其次，写出的句子符合语法规范，没有重大语法错误，句式上多变，不要只用简单句或陈述句，应适当增加句子形式的多样性，不仅有短句，也有长句，不仅有简单句，也有并列句、复合句等等。
现将大纲对写作部分的评分标准摘录如下：
(5)4～1分。基本按照要求写作，但只有少数句子可以理解。
(6)0分。文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。
二、写作B部分材料的选择
(一)选择材料的特点
从命题内容来看，其材料特点有：
1.普遍性：发生在身边的事情，各种考生都有一定的体验，可以有感而发。比如2003年的温室里的花和2002年的中国与国际的交流。不管你身处何处，这些现象和变化都是中国人共同体验的。考题不会考查一部分考生熟悉，而另一部分考生不了解的内容。对于社会生活中的敏感问题，一般不会涉及。
2.教育性：论题有警示作用的，可让考生作深层思考。比如，有关人生哲理的2008年“合作的重要性”，2007年的“乐观心态是成功的关键”，2004年的“终点又是新的起点”。
(二)作文的体裁
下表为近十年考题特点的小结。
三、写作B部分题型透
(一)图画式作文
从2000到2009年这十年间B部分写作考的都是图画式作文。从命题者的角度来说，这是为了更好地考查考生的写作能力，如：理解、推断和书面组织。由于它只允许考生在规定的范围内进行描述、分析，这就避免考试时套用考试前背好的范文的现象的发生。图画常以漫画或照片的形式出现，有的图画还有题目和提示性文字，这是为了帮助考生理解图画的内容。从应试的角度看，审题、谋篇、语言是写好作文的三要素。命题，图画及题中的文字说明是用于审题的;而“写作要求”往往是针对布局谋篇的，同时写作要求也影响语言的分配。
1.图画式作文的审题
第二，考生要注意题目中的文字说明，看文字说明要做到看清主、谓、宾。比如，2001年考题是“爱心是一盏灯，在越黑暗的地方越明亮”。很多考生写到了爱心的比较上，哪里要多给一些爱心，哪里要少给一些爱心，这就是偏题。之所以偏题的原因就是没有抓住句子主语。这一句的主语是什么自然是“爱心”。再看其谓语、宾语，可以看出本题是提倡在需要的地方献爱心。
第三，要认真解读图画，因为图画是作文的信息基础。如果说题目与文字提供了中心的骨，那么图画就提供了中心的肉。图画作文的中心思想通常体现在图中人物的动作、表情或画龙点睛的一句或几句话中。考生可以在抓住题目与说明文字的基础上，对图画进行抽象，点出图画的寓意。如2009年考题，我们看到了网络既拉近了人们的距离也在人们之间竖起了隔膜。2006年考题，我们看到了对明星盲目的崇拜。2002年考题，我们可以看到欣喜——了解中国文化的欣喜。
2.图画式作文的谋篇
3.图画式作文的语言组织
作文的语言应长短句兼顾，句式变化多样，当然语法的正确性是必需的。如果实在掌握或控制不好语言，可以采用长短句按1∶3的比例或反之。句子写完后，也可自问一下是否用了分词结构，不定式，感叹句等多种句式。如没有，可适当调整句式。在组织语言中要特别注意连贯性，连贯性不仅从连词、语句的使用中体现出来，更重要的是语意的相互照应。考生要注意自己的作文中心是否与主题句紧密连接，例子是否直接支持主题，号召是否呼应了主题和例子，等等。
4.图画式作文的描写
Waller，Texas，isasmalltownforallotherformsofcivilization.Thereisnomovietheater，nobowlingalley，andcertainlynomall.ThisplacedoesntevenhaveaWalMart.ResidentsofWallerhaveallheardthesaying：“ThereareonlytwothingsforkidstodoinWaller，andoneofthemisdrinking.”Thismayseemhumorousatfirst，but，unfortunately，thereissometruthtoit.
(二)图表式作文
图表作文要求的不是对图表的简单叙述，而是抓住图表所反映的主要问题。因为图表式作文所要讨论的现象和问题都隐含在数据里，所以考生常会感到比较难写。因此要想抓住主旨，就要分析图表中那些最有代表性、规律性的数字，或变化大的数字。它的写作误区是报流水账，对数据面面俱到，却不能指出图表所反映的中心，也不能利用数据进行有力的论证。
常见的图表类型有：①表格，它表示多种事物的相互关系;②曲线，它常表示事物的变化趋势;③柱状，它用来表示几种事物的变化情况及相互关系;④饼状，表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系。
图表作文的写作步骤：①分析图表及说明性文字;②分析数字所反映的主旨，得出中心论点;③列提纲;④写作。
关于图表式作文的描述方法：
第一种情况：横向对比。描述这种图表需要对比各数据间的差别，主要以数值、倍数、排列等方式来描述。
常用句型：
①Adepartmenthasthelowestsalesfigureinthethreedepartments，followedbytheBdepartmentandCdepartment.
②ThefigureofAisabouttwiceasmuchasthatofB.
③Theincomefromsalesis10million，makingthecompanythehighestoneinsales.
④TheA’sincomereaches20million，whichisinthemiddleofthelist.
第二种情况：纵向说明。只要指出不同单位之间的比较，描述如何增减，增减幅度如何，反映出什么问题，就可以了。描述这样的图表时，可用以下词汇和句型:
①TheriselastedfortwoweeksandthenbegantoleveloffinJune.
②Thetrend/increasesloweddowninMay.
③ThetrendofincreasingworkinghoursbegantogainmomentuminJanuary.(开始走强)
④Priceswentupby50%，butthenumberofsmokersmaintained.
⑤Itpickedupspeedattheendofthisyear.
常用词汇及表达法：increase，decrease，rise，fall，slowdown，leveloff，pickupspeed，maintain，drop，thetrendreverses，decline，gain/losemomentum,asteady/substantial(实质性的)increase，aminor/slight/dramaticdrop。
第三种情况：纵向、横向均有的说明。这种图表不仅要注意同一事物的变化趋势，也要注意不同事物之间的差距及变化。
表示百分比常用句型：
①Itaccountsfor30%ofthetotalpopulation.
②Thereare4memberswithmaster’sdegrees，makingupnearlyaquarteroftheworkforce.
③Doctorsmakeup40%ofthestaffinthehospital.
表示增长率的常用句型：
①Thefigureofincomeincreasedbyabout200%ascomparedwithtenyearsago.
②Thenumberofstudentshasreached200，indicatingariseof4%，comparedtolastyear.
Example：
ThetwobarchartsindicatetheannualemissionsofCO2percapitaandpopulationsofsevencountries.IndustrializedcountriescertainlycontributemoretotheCO2levelsintheatmosphere，withtheUSatthetop—3.93tonspercapitaperyear.ItisfollowedbyJapanandtheUK，withemissionsof3.32tonsand2.15tonsrespectively.Thoughthesecountriesusuallydon’thavelargepopulations，theyconsumedisproportionatelylargequantitiesofnaturalresourcesandthereforearemoreblamedforglobalwarming.Developingcountries，ontheotherhand，usuallyhavelowerlevelsofemissions.China，forexample，hasthelargestpopulationinthelist.YetitsemissionofCO2percapitaisonly980kg，beingaboutaquarteroftheemissionleveloftheUS.AnothergoodexampleisKorea.Itspopulationisthesmallestinthelist，soisitspercapitaemissionofCO2
ThechartsshownocorrelationbetweenemissionlevelsofCO2andthesizesofpopulation.
本文比较了7个国家二氧化碳排放的变化幅度，及相互对比关系。
其它图表式作文的常用句型：
①Thecurvesshow__inacertainyear.
②Itcanbeseenthat__(sth)fluctuatesquitesubstantiallyinthisyear.
③Itjustincreasesslightly.
④Thepiechartsshowthechanges__insomeplacein1999
⑤ItcanbeseenfromthechartthattheproportionsofAandBaregoingdown,thoughthefallinglevelofthelatterisalothigher/lowerthanthatoftheformer.
⑥Theexpansionismorenoticeableduringthesecondhalfofthe8--yearperiod.
⑦Itfallsfrom30%ofthestaffin1990to20%in1998andthenthetrendreverses，finishingat34%in2000.
⑧AndAishigherthanBexceptforthemonthsJunetoSeptember.__dropsdramaticallyfromabout__inJanuaryto__inJune.
⑨Thefallingtrendlevelsofffrom__to__，__(sth)goesallthewayupto__andthenitbeginstodropto.
(三)提纲式命题作文
Nowadays，China’seconomyisfastdeveloping.People’slivingstandardhasimprovedalot.Insomeareas，however，therearestillmanypeoplelivingbelowthepovertyline.Theyhavedifficultiesfortheverybasicslikefoodandclothes，letalonegettinggoodeducation.WhatcanwedotohelptheselessdevelopedareasinourcountryIthinkwecandothefollowingthings.
Firstofall，thegovernmentandoursocietymustpaymoreattentiontotheselessdevelopedareas.Thegovernmentshouldspendmoremoneyonthebasicconstructionprojectsintheseareasinsteadofspendingitonculturalandartisticprojectsincities.Itshouldalsoencouragesomeprivateenterprisesandcompaniestodonatetothesepoorareas.
Secondly，transportationisveryimportantinlessdevelopedareas.Weshouldhelpthembuildmorerailwaysandmoreroadssothatthelocalpeoplecanbenefitfromtheconvenienttransportation.Itcanalsopromotetheircommunicationwithdevelopedareas.
Finally，technologyisnecessaryindevelopingeconomyintheseareas.Poorfarmersshouldbetaughttechnologyandnewskillsandshouldhaveeasieraccesstomoneyinthebank，suchasgettingloanstostartbusinesses.
Allinall，solongaswecontinueoureffortstohelptheselessdevelopedareas，theseareaswillshakeoffpovertysoonerorlater.
再如：
Directions：
WriteanarticletoanEnglishnewspaperdiscussinglaid-offworkersandre-employmentinChina.Inyourarticleyoushould
(1)describebrieflythepresentsituationofunemployment，
(2)analyzethecausesofit，
(3)giveadviceforre-employment.
Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
范文：
Thereisanincreasingnumberofworkers，notonlythemiddle-agedbutalsotheyoungwhoarelaidofffromtheirjobs.Somelaid-offsthusbecomepoverty-strickenandcanhardlysupporttheirchildrentocontinuetheirstudies.Andthoseemployedarealsoworriedagreatdealthatsomedaytheymaylosetheirjobs.Thisphenomenonhascaughtgreatattentioninsociety.Inordertomaintainsocialstability，manyre-employmentservicecentersarebeingsetuptogivethelaid-offsahelpinghand.
Theincreasingnumberoflaid-offworkersiscausedmainlybytheindustrialrestructuringandeconomicdevelopmentacrossthecountry.Inmarketeconomy，theenterpriseshavetoreduceworkforceortheredundant.Anotherreasonisthatsomeenterprisesclaimbankruptcyowingtotheirpoormanagementandbackwardproductstructure，whichmademillionsofworkersjobless.Laborersfromthecountrysidearealsocontributingtotheincreasingnumbersofthelaid-offs.
Off-jobdoesn’tmeannojob.Thereareplentyofopportunitiesforthelaid-offworkerstobere-employed.TakeShanghaiforexample，thecityisdevelopingintoaninternationaleconomiccenter，shiftingitsoldlaborintensiveindustriesoutofthecityandreplacingthemwithnewenterprises.Butthereisafundamentalrequirementforthelaid-offsiftheywanttobeenrolledinthesenewposts.Theymusthavecertainskills.Tomanylaid-offworkers，theyhavetogetjobtrainingtomakethemselvesqualifiedandcompetitiveinthehumanresourcesmarket.
四、写作B部分的主要写作方法
(一)主题句的写法
1.主题句的特点
主题句是全段的核心。它由中心词和限定词两部分组成。中心词说明讨论的主题(topic)是什么，限定词是把主题具体化，它限定讨论的内容，范围和展开方式等。例如：
Thefirstkeyfactortosuccessisdiligence，(what)whichsimplymeansnowasteoftime.
主题限定词限定词
Ithinkyouwillmakethedecisionaccordingtothefollowingfactors.(how)
主题限定词
考生可通过回答HowWhyWhereWhat等问题来把主题具体化，选定限定词。主题句的展开通常会出现如下问题：
(1)过于空洞。只给出主题，未指出写作内容和展开方式。如：
(2)过于具体。太具体的主题句使段落后面没有展开的余地。如：
Hethoughthighlyofherandhelpedhertofindjobsofteachingatseveralinstitutions.
这种叙述性的句子，对事实的陈述过于详尽，不适合做主题句。
2.主题句的位置
Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthedangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.
段首主题句清晰地点出本段的中心思想，后面从对疾病的免疫、治疗，及对疾病的攻克三个方面说明健康医疗状况良好。读者只看段首就可抓住段落主旨。
(2)位于段中。主题句出现在中间，起到承上启下的作用，上文引出背景，下文可以用于分析。如：
BeforeChina’sentryintotheWTO，thecommonpeoplewereoptimisticaboutwhataccesswouldmean，believingthatifjoiningwerenotbeneficial，thegovernmentwouldnothavespent15yearsnegotiatingforitsentry.Theywereperhapsthinkingthatwhenthedaycame，thepriceofphonecallswouldbelower，andalsohouserentsandthatinsuranceserviceswouldbebetter.Buttheyneglecttheprospectofunemploymentandotherdomesticcrisis.SinceChinajoinedtheWTO，somepeople，owingtoadvancedageandlimitedexperience，mayfinditdifficulttokeeptheirwork.
(3)位于段末。主题句位于段末，既可以点题，也可以总结上文，给读者留下深刻的印象。如：
Ms.Yang，aged50，worksasacleanerinanofficebuilding，andherannualincomeisabout20000yuan.ShehassignedupforanEnglishlanguagetrainingcourse，thecostofwhichismuchmorethanherannualincome.WhyEnglishEnglish-basedsuccessstorieshaveindicatedtotheChinesethatEnglishmeansopportunities，wealth，andprospects.
本文先举了杨女士花钱学英语的例子，然后引出问题：为什么要花如此高价学习英语。段末给出结论，点出学习英语的重要性。结尾点题，给人以深刻的印象。
(二)段落的拓展
1.段落的作用
Example1
Reformingandopeninguphavehelpedthevillagerstoliveacomfortablelife.(主题句)Before1983thevillagepracticedacollectiveownershipsystem，wherebythevillagerspickedandbakedtealeavestogether.Lifewashardandtheirincomemeager，sotheyhadnoincentivetoworkhard.“Wegotrichafterthefieldswereparceledouttohouseholdsin1983，”saysSunJinrong.Sincethen，thevillagershavetilledtheirownplots.Havinglearnedtofollowthelawsofthemarketeconomyandcompetition，theirlivingstandardshavegreatlyimproved.
Example2
Iholdtheviewthatchildrencanplaycomputergamesintheirsparetime，andthereasonsareexploredasfollows.First，computergamesshouldbeplayedmoderately，withthecontrolofparents.Itcanhelpchildrentorelaxandimprovetheirefficiencyintheirstudies.Second，playingcomputergamesmoderatelycanofferchildrenchancestodeveloptheircreativity，whichisessentialfortheirsuccessinstudy.Third，playingcomputergamescanbroadenchildren’sknowledge.Itiswell-knownthatamachinewillbreakdownifitkeepsrunningwithoutastop.Similarly，ifachildkeepsstudyingwithoutrelaxation，hewillbetiredout.Andifachildspendsallthistimestudying，hewillbecomeadullboyintheivorytower.
2.关于段落的写作方法
(1)定义法
当考生提出的概念或观点很抽象，涉及面广时，考生需要对概念进行解释，限定内容，从而缩小讨论的焦点。如：
Ambitionislikecholer(胆汁)，whichisahumour，thatmakesmenactive，earnest，fullofalacrity，andstirring，ifitbenotstopped.Butifitbestopped，andcannothaveitsway，itbecomesangry，andmalign.Soambitiousmen，iftheyfindthewayopenfortheirrising，andstillgetforward，they’reratherbusythandangerous;butiftheybecheckedintheirdesires，theybecomesecretlydiscontent，andlookuponmenandmatters，withanevileye.
本文是对抱负/雄心的分析。而这个题目本身范围太广，因此作者先给它下了个定义，确定讨论的方向：抱负/雄心在不同条件下表现出来的不同特性。这样就缩小了讨论范围，确定了讨论的方向。
当然作者也可通过从句来对事物进行定义和解释，如：
Hemophiliaiscalledthebleeder’sdiseasebecausetheafflictedperson’sbloodisunabletoclot.
Beforeastopsignwasputup，therewereonehundredandtwentyaccidentsthereinayear.Afterastopsignwasputup，therewereonlyfortyaccidentsinayear.Havingthestopsigntheredecreasedthenumberofaccidentsimmediately.
Thekitchenwasinamess.Alongtheleftwallwerethecounterandsinkcoveredwithdirtydishesandgarbage.Onthefarwallthewashingmachinegroanedunderaloadoffilthyclothes.RightnexttothedoorwhereIwasstanding，onmyright，Isawatableclutteredwitholdnewspapers，anoverturnedcatsupbottle.Atthefarendoftherightwalltherefrigeratorstoodwithdoorajar.ItwasthemessiestkitchenIhadeverseen.
(3)因果分析法
TheBeijingsubwayistoadoptinternationalsigns.(主题句)TheChinesecharactersoriginallyusedforeast，west，southandnortharetobereplacedbythelettersA，B，CandD.ThesubwayoperatorexplainedthatthefourChinesecharactersindicatingdirectionsnolongermeettheneedsofpassengers，giventhediversityofsubwaystationsandincreasesinthenumberofentrancesandexits.(因)Therefore，universalsignsusedworldwidewillbeadopted.(果)
Themainreasonwhyprofessorsshouldgivefrequentexams(果)isthatwhentheydoandwhentheyprovidefeedbacktostudentsonhowwellthey’redoing，studentslearnmoreinthecourseandperformbetteronmajorexams(原因1).Moreover，Ifstudentshadfrequentexamsinalltheircourses，theywouldhavetoschedulestudytimeeachweekandgraduallywoulddevelopahabitoffrequentstudy(原因2).
作者采用一果多因的方法分析了教授应经常测试学生的原因。
(4)例证法
考生可以用他人的例子，自己的经历或名人的故事作为实例，来把论点具体化。从考生的作文中，我们可以看出，贴切、具有社会深度的例子可以有效地深化主题。为了能在考试中很好地举例，平时应对有社会意义的例子多加积累、分类。如：
Itisverydifficulttoevaluateanotherperson’sperformanceobjectively.Forexample，Janerecentlywroteirresponsibleremarksaboutherinstructorbecauseshewasfailingthecourse.HerfriendSamwroteagreatdescriptionofthesameinstructorbecausehewasreceivinganAinthecourse.BothJaneandSamwerenotfairlyevaluatingtheinstructor.Theywereinfluencedbythegradestheywereearningandwerebiasedintheirjudgement.
本段通过两个例子的对比，论证了很难客观地评价一个人。
(5)分类法
分类法是根据不同的类别来讨论，这可以使很复杂的内容变得层次清晰，论述更全面。如：
“Thewolfhascome!”Nooneknowswhogavethefirstwarning，butitmadealargeimpactontwomaingroups：thecommonpeopleandentrepreneurs.Thecommonpeoplehopedthatitwouldmeanmoreinexpensivecommodities，whileentrepreneursworriedaboutencirclementbytransnationalcompanies.
本段通过两种不同类型的人对同一问题的不同看法，表明不同的中国人对入世的不同期待和看法。
(6)对比和对照法
对比法比较的是事物的相同点;对照法比较的是事物的不同点。通过对比或对照熟悉和不熟悉的事物，考生可以了解不熟悉的事物;通过对比或对照相同点或不同点，考生可以更准确地评价事物。
要点式：先讲解两个事物在一点上的相同或不同点，再去讲解他们在另一点上的异同之处主题式：先讲解一个事物的各个方面，再讲解另一个事物第一段A1B1第二段A2B2第一段A1A2第二段B1B2
如：
Asacreature，Ieat;asaman，Iread.Althoughoneactionistomeettheprimaryneedofmybodyandtheotheristosatisfytheintellectualneedofmymind，theyareinawayquitesimilar.
Tokeepourselvesalive，weneedallkindsofnutrition.1)Eatingisthemostimportantwaybywhichwecangetstarch，protein，vitamin，sugar，fat，andsometraceelements.2)Ontheotherhand，weeatnotonlybecausewehavetodoso，butalsobecauseweenjoydoingso.Havingsatisfiedourhunger，eatingcanthenbeakindofenjoyment.Thecolor，thesmell，andthetasteofthefoodareconsideredasimportantasitsnutritivevalue.Veryoftenweeatsomefoodnotbecauseitisnourishingbutsimplybecausewelikeit.
Similarly，toenrichourminds，weneedinformationandknowledge，whichcanbeobtainedthroughreading.1)Readingisoneofthemostimportantwaysoflearning.Withoutreadingourmindswillbecomeemptylikethatofananimal.2)Sometimes，wetakereadingasapastime，andwerelaxandlearnatthesametime.Sincerecreationisinvolved，wewillnaturallyhaveapartialityforsomeparticularkindsofbooks，justaswedoforcertainkindoffood.
Besides，thereareothersimilaritiesbetweeneatingandreading.1)Weshouldnoteattoomuchwithoutdigestingandassimilating，norshouldwereadtoomuchwithoutunderstandingandremembering.2)Whileweareeating，weshouldleaveouttherottenpartofthefoodwhichwilldoharmtoourhealth;andwhilewearereading，weshouldbeabletorejectthepoisonouscontentinabook，foritwillpoisonourminds.
So，eatsensiblyandreadsensiblytogiveyourselfastrongbodyandahealthymind.
本文比较了吃饭与读书的异同。第二、三段采用的是主题法比较它们的相同之处，第四段是通过要点式来进行比较的。
(1)引言法
“Bethefirsttobeconcernedwiththeworld’stroublesandthelasttoenjoyworldlyhappiness.”FanZhongyan，ascholaroftheSongDynasty，expresseseloquentlytheloftyspiritofChineseintellectualsinhismaxim.OnrealizingthatthecauseofChina’slackofdevelopmentwasitsbackwardnessinscienceandtechnology，manymodernscholarsaccordinglywenttoWesterncountriestostudy.
本段以“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”引出主旨，给人以深刻的印象。
(2)提问法
如：WhyareforeignerssogladthatbarriershavebeendismantledChinahasapopulationof1.2billion，andUS$1000billionofGDP.Itisacountrywithoneofthefastesteconomicgrowthratesintheworld.China’sentryintotheWTOwillthereforeenablealleconomicentitiesintheworldtoexpandtradeandinvestment，bringingbenefitstoenterprises，consumersandworkersinthesecountries.
(3)数据引用
Itisreportedthatfrom1995to1998，thenumberofcarsinShanghairoseattherateof20%，buttheaveragespeedofcarsdroppedattherateof30%.Itshouldbenoticedthat43%ofaddedcarsduringtheperiodof1995～1998isprivatecars.Thereforesomepeoplepointoutthatthemosteffectivewaytosolvethetrafficproblemistobanprivatecars.ButIthinktheyhavegoneextremelyfaraway.
本段通过引用数据对私车增多及车速下降这一现象进行了详细的描述。通过分析，作者自然地引出观点：完全禁止私车是偏激的做法。
(4)概要法
Thisreportisdividedintothreemainsections：whatequipmentyouneed，howtouseequipment，andhowtomaintainequipment.
(1)总结法
Onthewhole，lifeinChinahasbecomebetterafter30years，Ordinarypeoplenowenjoyamorecolorfullifethanbefore.Thoughsomeproblemshavearisenintheprogress，westillcan’tdenythispositivetrend.
(2)建议法
Itisessentialthateffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoredresssuchinequality.
Itishightimethatweshouldurgeanimmediateendtothisphenomenon.
(3)反问法
Psychologicalhealthoftheyouthshouldbeconcernedbyoursociety.Onbeingadvisedbyhisschoolthatheshouldleaveafterfailingseveralexams，aBeijinguniversitystudentdecidedtocommitsuicide，butfirstkilledhisfatherandgrandmothersoastosparetheirgriefathisowndeath.A13-year-oldSichuanProvincegirlranawayfromhomerecentlyinpursuitofherfavoritemoviestar，andhasnotbeenseensince.Isn’tthereanythingwrongwithpsychologicalhealthoftheyouth
(4)引语法
Allofuswishforabrightfutureandhopetomasterausefulcareer.Thosewhopersistinremainingidlewillneverfulfilltheirambitions，“Nopains，nogains”isamottowithmuchmeaning.Meditateandlivebyit.
以“不劳不得”做总结，很好地归纳了上文，给人以警示。
(5)首尾呼应法
在首尾两处点题，可以使段落的中心突出。如：
China’sreformshavebroughtChinaalotofbenefitsandhavechangedChinesepeople’slifeagreatdeal.Alivelyatmospherehasprevailedinallwalksoffieldsthroughoutthecountry.Thenationaleconomyhasbeenthrivingandnationaldefensehaseverbeenconsolidated.Inscienceandtechnology，quitealotofachievementshavebeenmade.Certainly，theprogressmadeinallfieldshasledtotheraiseoflivingstandardforChinesepeople.
首尾均强调了一系列有利于社会进步的改革给中国人的生活带来的改变，重点突出。
(四)短文写作中常用的关联词
1.表示列举和举例
firstofall，foronething，foranother，tobeginwith，first，second，next，inthefirst(second)place，furthermore，moreover，beyondthat，also，besides，inaddition，whatismore，suchas，finally;forexample，forinstance等。
2.表示原因
since，because(of)，as，for，owingto，resultfrom，dueto，onaccountof，onthegroundof，asaresultof等。
atthesametime，assoonas，sofar，since，then，until，when，meanwhile，shortly，later，lately，afterawhile，atthattime，before，earlier，presently，inthemeantime，formerly等。
4.表示空间顺序
closeto，closeathand(近在身旁)，nextto，down，far，beyond，against(对着)，ontheoppositeside(相对的)，oppositeto，above，across，acrossfrom，around，atthebottom，before，behind，below，beneath，between，inthemiddleof，inthedistance，inthecenterof，farther，ontheleft/right等。
5.表示重复
inotherwords，again，ashasbeenpointedout，torepeat，asIhavesaidabove，onceagain，afterall，indeed，infact，truly，ofcourse，chiefly，especially，certainly，actually，particularly，tobesure，aboveall，surely，mostimportantofall，evenworse，nodoubt，needlesstosay等。
6.表示结果
so，then，therefore，thus，hence，consequently，asaresult，accordingly，forthisreason，asaconsequence，onthataccount，itfollowsthat等。
7.表示总结
tosumup，insummary，tosummarize，inshort，inbrief，tobebrief，inotherwords，onthewhole，inconclusion，toconclude等。
8.表示对比和对照
(1)对照：but，however，yet，or，nevertheless，still，nonetheless，conversely，nor，rather，whereas，thought，ontheonehand，ontheotherhand，onthecontrary，bycontrastwith/to，incontrast(with/to)，eventhough，instead，unlike，differentfrom，instead(of)，theopposite(of)，unlike，although，while，but等。
(2)对比：similarly，likewise，like，as，atthesametime，infact，too，inthesameway，inalikemanner，both，each，also，comparedwith等。
(五)短文写作中的经典语义过渡的模式以及必备句型
1.表示相似性的句型
①Moralcorruption(A)istotheState(B)asphysicaldisease(C)istoanindividualbody(D).(A之于B犹如C之于D)
②Justaswoodsareindispensabletobirds，soistheearthtohumanbeings.(正如…，…也如此)
③Asfaraspersonalityisconcerned，Tom(A)andPeter(B)havealmosteverythingincommon.(A和B有共同之处)
④Myhobby(A)issimilartohis(B)inthatwebothlikecollectingrecords，foreignanddomestic.(A与B相似)
⑤Astheeconomiesofallcountriesarecloselyinterrelatednocountrycandevelopinself-seclusion.ThesameistrueofChina.(Thesameistrueof.Thesamecanbesaidof...也是如此)
2.表示相异性的句型
①Beijing(A)ispopulousandcrowded，whileCanberra(B)isjusttheopposite.(A与B正相反)
②China’scondition(A)differsfromours(B)inthatChinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld.(A不同于B在于)
③Whileitmaybetruethatbasketballandvolleyballsharecertainfeatures，theexcitementeacharousesinthespectatorsisnotthesame.(…是不相同的)
3.表示权衡性的句型
①Itseemssafetosaythattheadvantagesofmarriageoutweighthedisadvantagesofdivorce.(利大于弊)
②Perhapsnothingcanrivalthepleasurefromreading.(…是无与伦比的)
③Therecouldbenodoubtthatjob-hoppinghasitsdrawbacksaswellasmerits.(既有优点也有缺点)
④Men(A)maybesuperiortowomen(B)inphysicalaffairs.Yet，thereisnodifferenceinintelligence.(A优于B)
⑤People’sattitudetowardsdrugsvariesfrompersontoperson.(…是因人而异的)
4.表示过渡性的句型(承上启下，使新观点不至于显得突兀、武断)
①Somepeopleargueasifitisageneraltruththat，Icannotagreewiththemforthefollowingreasons..Buttobefrank
②Accordingto/Ascanbeseeninfigures/statistics/thefindings/datareleased/providedbythegovernment/aninstitute，.
③Thereareseveral/manycauses/reasonsforthisdramatic/significantgrowth/change/decline/increasein.
④Therearenolessthanthreeadvantagesinasrenderedbelow.
⑤Thereasonsarechieflyasfollows.
⑥AnotherreasonwhyIadvocatetheattitudeofisthat.
⑦Lastbutnotleast，.
⑧Whatismore，.
5.表示倍数与比例关系的句型
近年来图表作文经常出现，考生需要熟悉和掌握一些常用的句型来解释图表、分析和表达数据间的倍数和比例关系：
①AsiaranksfirstbothinareaandinpopulationamongthesevenContinents.EuropeissecondtoAsiainpopulation，butinareaitisthelastbutone.
②Weallhopethatacountry’spopulationshouldbeinproportiontoitsarea,unfortunatelytherealityoftengoesagainstourwill.
③Aisafarlargeruniversity，beingoverthreetimesasbigasB.
6.引用图表内容时的过渡句型
图表式作文经常使用as从句做解释性描述的过渡，它的运用，可以使短文由图画的说明解释，陡然一转，由客观说到主观，由一般说到个体，过渡自然。
①Thispictureshows，，aswecanseeintheupperhalfofthepicture.However，thelowerhalfofthepictureshowsthat..Atthebeginning
②Asisrevealedinthegraph.
③Asthesurveyresultsshow.
④Aswecouldfindoutlaterinthisunit，hisplanwasnotquiteashehadexpected.
⑤Thistableprovidesseveralimportantpointsofcomparisonbetweenthetwouniversities.Ascanbeindicatedinthetable，thehousingspaceforthestaffofAin1995was34500squaremeters，whichnearlydoubledtheB’scorrespondingfigure.
7.描述图表常用的概括性句型
这种句子通常用于开篇和结尾。
①Thistableprovides，severalimportantpointsofcomparisonbetweenthetwokeyuniversities.
②Thetwographsdepictthesamethingseenintwodifferentways.Thefirstdiagramsimplyrecords.Thesecondgraphthrowsanewlighton.
③Thekeyfindingstakenfromthesurveysareasfollows：.
④Ifdriverscontinuetodrivemorecarefullyandfurtherstrengthentheirsenseofsafety，therateofaccidentscanbeexpectedtodeclineevenmoredramaticallyintheyear1998.
8.引论或得出结论的句型
①Astheproverbgoes，“”.Itisquiteunderstandablethat.
②Alongwiththedevelopmentofsocietymoreandmoreproblemsarebroughttoourattention，oneofwhichisthat.
③Admittedly，therearemeritstobothsidesoftheargument.
④Contrarytowidelyheldbelief，Ibelievethat.
⑤Now，itiscommonlybelieved/somepeoplethinkthat，butIwonderwhether.
9.表示转折的句型
①Onthesurfaceofit，thismayseemtobeagoodsolution，butifthinkingagain，wewouldpointoutsomedrawbacks.
②Atfirstthought，itmayseemtobeanattractiveidea，butitdoesnotbearcloseranalysiswhenwefind.
③Superficially，itseemstobeasoundsolution，butwhencarefullyweighinginthemind，wefindthat.
④Acloseinspectionoftheseargumentswouldrevealhowflimsytheyare.
⑤Theundeniabledeficiencyinthisremarkisthatitisnegligentofthebarefactthat.
⑥However，wealsocannotdenythat.
10.表示解释、分析、引申的句型
①Oneverystrongargumentforisthat.
②Itisanobviousfactthat.
③Oneofthemostimportantthingsaboutisthat.
④Aparticularlynotablecaseofthismatteris.
⑤Wemaylookintoeverypossiblereason，however，foremostreasonforis.
⑥ismainly/partly/alsoresponsiblefortherise/increase/decreasein.
⑦Wemaycite/quote/mentionasingle/commonexampleof.
⑧Arecent/nationwidestudy/survey/pollconducted/takenatauniversity/byscientistsindicates/reveals/suggeststhat.
⑨Ofcourse，thiswillhavesomenegativeeffectson.
⑩isacaseinpoint.
11.表示得出结论的句型
①Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove，wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat.
②Takingintoaccountallthesefactors，wemaysafelyreachtheconclusionthat.
③Judgingfromallevidenceoffered，wemaysafelycometotheconclusionthat.
④Alltheevidence/analysissupportsa(an)sound/unshakable/justconclusion/viewthat.
12.表示建议、采取行动的句型
①Itisnecessary/essentialthateffectiveactions/quicksteps/propermeasuresshouldbetakentopreventthesituation/correcttendency/endphenomenon.
②Thereislittledoubtthatserious/considerable/specialattentionmustbecalled/paid/devotedtotheproblem/shortageof.
③Itishightimethatweplaced/putgreat/special/considerableemphasisontheimprovement/development/increaseof.