国务院新闻办公室10月14日发布《中国的粮食安全》白皮书。全文如下:
中国的粮食安全FoodSecurityinChina
(2019年10月)中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室StateCouncilInformationOfficeofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaOctober2019
目录Contents
前言Preamble
一、中国粮食安全成就I.China'sAchievementsinEnsuringFoodSecurity
二、中国特色粮食安全之路II.FoodSecurityinChina
三、对外开放与国际合作III.OpeningUpandInternationalCooperation
四、未来展望与政策主张IV.ProspectsandPolicies
结束语Conclusion
粮食安全是世界和平与发展的重要保障,是构建人类命运共同体的重要基础,关系人类永续发展和前途命运。作为世界上最大的发展中国家和负责任大国,中国始终是维护世界粮食安全的积极力量。中国积极参与世界粮食安全治理,加强国际交流与合作,坚定维护多边贸易体系,落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程,为维护世界粮食安全、促进共同发展作出了积极贡献。Foodsecurityisanessentialguaranteeforworldpeaceanddevelopment,asignificantfoundationforaglobalcommunityofsharedfuture,andaninfluentialfactorforthedevelopmentandfutureofhumanity.Astheworld'slargestdevelopingcountry,andamajorcountrythatshouldersitsresponsibilities,Chinahasalwaysbeenapositiveforceinsafeguardingworldfoodsecurity.Chinahasbeenanactivepartofglobalfoodsecuritygovernance,enhancinginternationalexchangesandcooperation,supportingthemultilateraltradesystem,andimplementingtheUnitedNations2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.Inthissense,Chinahasmadeapositivecontributiontoimprovingglobalfoodsecurityandpromotingcommondevelopment.
为全面介绍中国粮食安全成就,增进国际社会对中国粮食安全的了解,特发布本白皮书。TheChinesegovernmentispublishingthiswhitepapertoprovideafullpictureofhowfoodsecurityoperatesinChina,inordertoincreasetheinternationalcommunity'sunderstandinginthisimportantfield.
中国人口占世界的近1/5,粮食产量约占世界的1/4。中国依靠自身力量端牢自己的饭碗,实现了由“吃不饱”到“吃得饱”,并且“吃得好”的历史性转变。这既是中国人民自己发展取得的伟大成就,也是为世界粮食安全作出的重大贡献。Withonefifthoftheworldpopulation,Chinaaccountsforaquarteroftotalglobalfoodproduction.Chinaisself-reliantinsecuringitsownfoodsupply;itspeoplenowhavenotonlyenoughtoeat,butalsoagreaterrangeofchoices.Comparedtopasttimeswhentheywereunderfed,thishistoricalchangehasbeenmadepossiblebytheChinesethemselvesthroughhardworkanddevelopment.Itisalsoakeycontributiontoworldfoodsecurity.
(一)粮食产量稳步增长1.Steadygrowthinfoodoutput
——人均占有量稳定在世界平均水平以上。目前,中国人均粮食占有量达到470公斤左右,比1996年的414公斤增长了14%,比1949年新中国成立时的209公斤增长了126%,高于世界平均水平。-Percapitafoodoutputremainsabovetheworldaverage.CurrentlyChina'spercapitafoodoutputisaround470kg,growingby14percentfrom414kgsince1996whenChinapublisheditsfirstwhitepaperonfood-TheGrainIssueinChina,andby126percentfrom209kgin1949,whenthePRCwasfounded.Thisishigherthantheworldaverage.
——单产显著提高。2010年平均每公顷粮食产量突破5000公斤。2018年达到5621公斤,比1996年的4483公斤增加了1138公斤,增长25%以上。2017年稻谷、小麦、玉米的每公顷产量分别为6916.9公斤、5481.2公斤、6110.3公斤,较1996年分别增长11.3%、46.8%、17.4%,比世界平均水平分别高50.1%、55.2%、6.2%。-Perunityieldhassignificantlyincreased.Theaveragefoodyieldperhectareisasfollows:
-morethan5,000kgin2010;
-5,621kgin2018,anincreaseof1,138kg,or25percent,over1996.
Theyieldsperhectareforrice,wheatandcornin2017areasfollows:
-6,916.9kg,up11.3percentover1996,50.1percenthigherthantheworldaverage;
-5,481.2kg,up46.8percentover1996,55.2percenthigherthantheworldaverage;
-6,110.3kg,up17.4percentover1996,6.2percenthigherthantheworldaverage.
——总产量连上新台阶。2010年突破5.5亿吨,2012年超过6亿吨,2015年达到6.6亿吨,连续4年稳定在6.5亿吨以上水平。2018年产量近6.6亿吨,比1996年的5亿吨增产30%以上,比1978年的3亿吨增产116%,是1949年1.1亿吨的近6倍。粮食产量波动幅度基本稳定在合理区间,除少数年份外,一般保持在±6%的范围之内。-Totalfoodoutputhasseenasteadyincrease.China'stotalfoodoutputsurpassed
-550milliontonsin2010,
-600milliontonsin2012,
-660milliontonsin2015,
-650milliontonsforfouryearsfrom2015.In2018thefigurewasnear660milliontons,up30percentover1996(500milliontons),theyearChinapublisheditsfirstwhitepaperonfoodsecurity,116percentover1978(300milliontons),theyearofthelaunchofChina'sreformandopeningup,andbynearly600percentover1949(110milliontons),theyearthePRCwasfounded.
Overtheyearsfoodoutputeachyearhasfluctuatedwithinarangeofplusorminus6percent,withtheexceptionofafewyears.
(二)谷物供应基本自给2.Self-sufficiencyingrainsupply
——实现谷物基本自给。2018年,谷物产量6.1亿吨,占粮食总产量的90%以上,比1996年的4.5亿吨增加1.6亿吨。目前,我国谷物自给率超过95%,为保障国家粮食安全、促进经济社会发展和国家长治久安奠定了坚实的物质基础。-Chinaisself-sufficientingrainsupply.In2018thegrainoutputwas610milliontons,accountingformorethan90percentoftotalfoodoutput,andgrowingby160milliontonsover1996.CurrentlyChinasupplies95percentofitsownneedsforgrain,layingdownasolidmaterialfoundationformaintainingnationalfoodsecurity,promotingsocioeconomicdevelopment,andsafeguardinglong-termpeaceandstability.
——确保口粮绝对安全。近几年,稻谷和小麦产需有余,完全能够自给,进出口主要是品种调剂,将中国人的饭碗牢牢端在自己手上。2001年至2018年年均进口的粮食总量中,大豆占比为75.4%,稻谷和小麦两大口粮品种合计占比不足6%。-Chinaensuresabsolutesecurityofstaplegrains.In2001-2018,soybeanaccountedfor75.4percentofimportedgrains,andthetwomainstaplegrainsofriceandwheattogetheraccountedforlessthan6percent.Inrecentyears,withriceandwheatoutputmeetingdomesticneeds,Chinaisfullyself-sufficientinfoodsupply,andthemaindriveroffoodimportsandexportsistosatisfytheneedforvariety.Chinamakessureitreliesonitselfforfoodsupply.
(三)粮食储备能力显著增强3.Greaterfoodreservecapacity
——仓储现代化水平明显提高。2018年全国共有标准粮食仓房仓容6.7亿吨,简易仓容2.4亿吨,有效仓容总量比1996年增长31.9%。食用油罐总罐容2800万吨,比1996年增长7倍。规划建设了一批现代化新粮仓,维修改造了一批老粮库,仓容规模进一步增加,设施功能不断完善,安全储粮能力持续增强,总体达到了世界较先进水平。-Foodstorageisfurthermodernized.In2018thestoragecapacityofqualifiedgrainwarehouseswas670milliontons,andthatofsimplewarehouseswas240milliontons.Totaleffectivewarehousecapacitygrewby31.9percentover1996.Thetotaltankcapacityforedibleoilswas28milliontons,asevenfoldincreaseover1996.Chinahasbuiltnewmoderngrainstoragefacilitiesandrenovatedoldones,furtherincreasingstoragecapacity.Withthefacilities'functionsalsoimproved,Chinahassecuredacontinuedincreaseinitsfoodstoragecapacity,generallyreachingworldadvancedlevels.
——物流能力大幅提升。2017年,全国粮食物流总量达到4.8亿吨,其中跨省物流量2.3亿吨。粮食物流骨干通道全部打通,公路、铁路、水路多式联运格局基本形成,原粮散粮运输、成品粮集装化运输比重大幅提高,粮食物流效率稳步提升。-Logisticscapacityhasincreasedmarkedly.In2017,thetotalvolumeoffoodtransportedreached480milliontons,including230milliontonsofinterprovincialtransport.Allmajorchannelsoffoodlogisticshavebeenintegratedtoformamultimodaltransportnetworkcomposedofhighways,railwaysandwaterways.Foodlogisticsnowinvolvesmoreunprocessedgrain,bulkgrain,andfinishedgrainproductstransportedbycontainer.Theefficiencyoffoodlogisticshasseensteadyimprovement.
图4:有效仓容总量及食用油罐总罐容增长情况新华社发
——粮食储备和应急体系逐步健全。政府粮食储备数量充足,质量良好,储存安全。在大中城市和价格易波动地区,建立了10-15天的应急成品粮储备。应急储备、加工和配送体系基本形成,应急供应网点遍布城乡街道社区,在应对地震、雨雪冰冻、台风等重大自然灾害和公共突发事件等方面发挥了重要作用。-Grainreservesandemergencyresponsesystemsareimproving.Thegovernmenthassufficientandqualityfoodreserves,withsecuredstorage.Emergencyfoodreservesfor10-15daysareavailableinlargeandmedium-sizedcitiesandareaspronetopricefluctuation.Anetworkofemergencyreserves,processinganddistributionisinplace,withoutletstosupplysub-districtsandcommunitiesinurbanandruralareas.Theseplayanimportantroleinresponsetonaturaldisasterssuchasearthquakes,sleet,snowstorms,andtyphoons,aswellaspublicemergencies.
(四)居民健康营养状况明显改善4.Improvednutritionforresidents
——膳食品种丰富多样。2018年,油料、猪牛羊肉、水产品、牛奶、蔬菜和水果的人均占有量分别为24.7公斤、46.8公斤、46.4公斤、22.1公斤、505.1公斤和184.4公斤,比1996年分别增加6.5公斤、16.6公斤、19.5公斤、17公斤、257.7公斤和117.7公斤,分别增长35.7%、55%、72.5%、333.3%、104.2%和176.5%。居民人均直接消费口粮减少,动物性食品、木本食物及蔬菜、瓜果等非粮食食物消费增加,食物更加多样,饮食更加健康。-Morechoicesformeals.Percapitasharesofvariousfoodsin2018andtheirincreaseover1996areasfollows:
-oil,24.7kg,growingby6.5kg(35.7percentup);
-pork,beefandmutton,46.8kg,growingby16.6kg(55percentup);
-aquaticproducts,46.4kg,growingby19.5kg(72.5percentup);
-milk,22.1kg,growingby17kg(333.3percentup);
-vegetables,505.1kg,growingby257.7kg(104.2percentup);and
-fruits,184.4kg,growingby117.7kg(176.5percentup).
Thepercapitadirectconsumptionofstaplegrainshasdecreased,andtheconsumptionofnon-grainfoodssuchasmeatandfish,ligneousfoods,vegetables,andfruitshasincreased.TheChinesehavemorechoicesinwhattheyeatandhaveahealthierdiet.
——营养水平不断改善。据国家卫生健康委监测数据显示,中国居民平均每标准人日能量摄入量2172千卡,蛋白质65克,脂肪80克,碳水化合物301克。城乡居民膳食能量得到充足供给,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物三大营养素供能充足,碳水化合物供能比下降,脂肪供能比上升,优质蛋白质摄入增加。-Improvednutrition.DatafromtheNationalHealthCommissionshowsthattheaveragedailyenergyintakeofastandardpersoninChinais2,172kcal,andtheintakesofprotein,fatandcarbohydrateare65g,80gand301g.Chinesecitizenshaveanadequatesupplyofdietaryenergy,withsufficientintakeofthethreemajornutrients-proteins,fatandcarbohydrates.Theproportionofcarbohydrateintakehasfallen,andthoseoffatandqualityproteinintakehaverisen.
(五)贫困人口吃饭问题有效解决5.Foodforthepoor
——重点贫困群体健康营养状况明显改善。2018年,贫困地区农村居民人均可支配收入达10371元人民币,实际增速高于全国农村1.7个百分点。收入水平的提高,增强了贫困地区的粮食获取能力,贫困人口粮谷类食物摄入量稳定增加。贫困地区青少年学生营养改善计划广泛实施,婴幼儿营养改善及老年营养健康试点项目效果显著,儿童、孕妇和老年人等重点人群营养水平明显提高,健康状况显著改善。-Nutritionforkeygroupsinpovertyhasimprovedmarkedly.In2018thepercapitadisposableincomeofresidentsinimpoverishedruralareasreached10,371yuan,anactualincreaseof1.7percentagepointshigherthanthatofruralareasingeneral.Thisincreaseinincomehasenabledpoorareastoacquiremorefood,andtheintakeofgrainsamongpoorgroupshasgrownsteadily.Thegovernmenthascarriedoutextensivenutritionimprovementprogramsinpoorareasforyoungstudents,infants,children,pregnantwomen,andtheelderly,asaresultofwhichtherehavebeennoticeableimprovementsintheirnutritionandhealth.