20世纪90年代至今,英国布里斯托大学RichardP.Evershed、StephanieN.Dudd和JulieDunne等学者,约克大学AlexandreLucquina和ManonBondettia等学者,先后对地中海地区、西伯利亚地区以及日本和非洲等地,更新世晚期至全新世早期的陶器残留物进行了大量分子与测年研究[6-10],为以上地区早期陶器的功能与年代提供了直接的科学依据,启发了学界关于陶器起源的新认识。除陶器残留物外,研究对象还包括酒、茶、焦油、树脂、蜂蜡、香料、烟草及大麻等多种可见和不可见残留物[11],这些研究内容主要反映了古代先民的生活智慧与生产方式,极大地丰富了考古资料背后的潜藏信息。
此外,国内学者已基本建立古蛋白质分析的研究方法,如骨骼和牙结石中的蛋白质组学分析[18-19]等,但研究深度和广度尚有待提高。总体而言,未来在广泛开展有机残留物分析的研究过程中,一方面,需严格控制取样、实验室分析等操作流程,保证样品分析数据的真实性和可靠性。另一方面,进行陶器残留物分析的同时,尤其涉及早期陶器的分析,应结合现代模拟实验,探索古代陶器吸附脂类化合物的分布与组合特点,寻找不同的生物标志性化合物(biomarkers),着重利用生物标志性化合物及单体碳同位素比值建立有机分子或组合与古代动物、植物(尤其是经济、粮食作物以及药用与精神活性植物)之间的对应关系,以上方法的逐步深化将会大大拓展有机残留物分析在考古研究中的应用,更为精确地重建古代先民对动植物资源利用的历史,复原鲜活的古代社会。
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