法律实证主义,尤其是哈特的“社会事实命题”—法律的本质是一种社会规则,遭到了德沃金的强烈批判。他在其早期著作《认真对待权利》一书中指出,法律本质上与其说是一种社会规则,不如说是一种规范规则。因为“法律本质上是一种社会规则”的命题是社会学家或观察者(observer)对规则的陈述,而站在社会成员或参与者(participant)的立场上,对规则的陈述应是某种规范性规则。在德沃金看来,义务规范产生的条件并非本位于社会实践的存在,而是以其背后的评价理由为证立条件。
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