1、2021-11-191NosocietycanmakeaperpetualNosocietycanmakeaperpetualconstitution,orevenaperpetuallaw.constitution,orevenaperpetuallaw.ThomasJefferson,AmericapresidentThomasJefferson,Americapresident没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。美国总统美国总统托马斯托马斯
2、杰弗逊杰弗逊第1页/共58页2021-11-192BackgroundCommonLaw-EquityLaw普通法-衡平法SubstantiveLaw-ProceduralLaw实体法-程序法PublicLaw-PrivateLaw公法-私法英美法系国家的法律分类有三种：Constitution第2页/共58页2021-11-193公法包括：宪法、行政法、刑法、税法等。私法包括：合同法、侵权法、财产法、公司法、家庭法等。公法中最重要的是宪法。第3页/共58页2021-11-194HistoryoftheConstitutionArticlesofConfeder
3、ationandPerpetualUnion联邦条例(1777)第4页/共58页2021-11-195HistoryoftheConstitutionTHEUNITEDSTATESCONSTITUTION(1789)第5页/共58页2021-11-196Preamble序言ArticleI第一条-LegislativeDepartmentArticleII-ExecutiveDepartmentArticleIII-JudicialDepartmentArticleIV-StatesRelationsArticleV-Mod
4、eofAmendmentArticleVI-PriorDebts,NationalSupremacyandOathsofOffice就职宣誓ArticleVII-Ratification第6页/共58页2021-11-197PREAMBLEWethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefense,promote
5、thegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。第7页/共58页2021-11-198HistoryoftheConstitutionAmendments(1
6、-27)THEFIRST10AMENDMENTSTOTHEU.S.CONSTITUTIONBILLOFRIGHTS权利和自由修正案第8页/共58页2021-11-199PartOne:Theconstitutionassupremelawsupremelawoftheland.宪法是美国最高法律。WhenstateconstitutionsorlawspassedbystatelegislaturesorthenationalCongressconflictwiththefederalConstitution
7、,theyhavenoforce.没有效力第9页/共58页2021-11-1910DecisionshandeddownbytheSupremeCourthaveconfirmedandstrengthened“Doctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy”联邦最高法院宣布的决定证实并加强了宪法至上原则。第10页/共58页2021-11-1911Finalauthorityisvestedin赋予,授予theAmericanpeople.最终权力属于美国人民changethefundamentallaw基本
8、法amendingtheConstitution修改宪法修改宪法draftinganewone起草新宪法起草新宪法第11页/共58页2021-11-1912Theday-to-daybusinessofgovernmentisdelegatedbythepeopletopublicofficials.人民将日常的管理事务委托给公务员。Elected选举Appointed委任第12页/共58页2021-11-1913Publicofficials公务员Powerislimited.权力受限制。Theirpublicactionsmu
9、stconformtotheConstitutionandtothelawsmadeinaccordwiththeConstitution.他们的公共行为必须符合宪法和依照宪法制定的法律。第13页/共58页2021-11-1914Electedofficialsmuststandforre-electionatperiodicintervals,whentheirrecordsaresubjecttointensivepublicscrutiny.选举产生的官员要接受定期重新选举，其政绩要受到公众全面监督。第14页/共58页2
10、021-11-1915Appointedofficialsserveatthepleasureofthepersonorauthoritywhoappointedthem,andmayberemovedwhentheirperformanceisunsatisfactory.委任的官员应该让任命他们的人或机构满意。如果他们的政绩令人不满意，他们就会被撤职。ExceptionJusticesoftheSupremeCourtandotherfederaljudgesLifetimeappointment终身聘任第15页/共58页
11、2021-11-1916Ballotbox投票箱TheAmericanpeopleexpresstheirwillthroughtheballotbox.美国人通过美国人通过投票箱投票箱表达他们的表达他们的意愿。意愿。第16页/共58页2021-11-1917Theprocessofimpeachment弹劾程序removalofapublicofficialfromoffice将一个政府官员撤职Incaseofextrememisconductormalfeasance严重失职或渎职第17页/共58页2021-11-1918宪法
12、第条第款：“ThePresident,VicePresident,andallcivilofficersoftheUnitedStates,shallberemovedfromofficeonimpeachmentfor,andconvictionof,treason,bribery,orotherhighcrimesandmisdemeanors.”总统、副总统和合众国的所有文职官员，凡受叛国、贿赂或其他重罪轻罪的弹劾并被定罪时，应被免职。TreasonTreason叛国罪叛国罪BriberyBribery受贿罪受贿罪M
13、isdemeanorMisdemeanor轻罪轻罪OtherhighcrimesOtherhighcrimes其他重罪其他重罪第18页/共58页2021-11-1919ImpeachmentHouseofRepresentativesvoteabillofimpeachment.众议院投票通过弹劾议案Senate,withtheChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatespresidingatthetrial.在参议院，由首席大法官主持审判众议院是作为起诉人的角色，而参议院充当弹劾法庭的角色第19页/共58页2021
14、-11-1920ImpeachmentDrasticmeasure严厉措施Only13U.S.officialshavebeenimpeached只有13名联邦官员受到弹劾NineJudgesAnAssociateJusticeoftheSupremeCourtASecretaryofWar国防部长ASenatorApresident第20页/共58页2021-11-1921参议院的审理结果是：名法官中，人被宣判有罪而被免职，人被宣布无罪；以无管辖权为由驳回了众议院对参议员的起诉；以一票之差宣告约翰逊总统无罪；宣告国防部长无罪。第21页/共58
15、页2021-11-1922AndrewJohnson站在南方种植园奴隶主的立场，实施了一系列重建南方的反动措施，遭到控制国会的共和党激进派的强烈反对。AndrewJohnson(18081875)第22页/共58页2021-11-1923RichardNixonInlateJulyof1974,theHouseJudiciaryCommittee众院司法委员会recommendedthatNixonbeImpeachedonthreecharges:obstructionofjustice,abuseofpresidentialpowe
16、rs,andtryingtoimpedetheimpeachmentprocessbydefyingtheirsubpoenas.藐视他们的传票RichardNixon（1913-1994）Watergatecrisis第23页/共58页2021-11-1924BillClinton（1946-）Zippergate拉链门andClinton:Impeachment第24页/共58页2021-11-1925第25页/共58页2021-11-1926Inadditiontosettingforthgeneralpol
17、iticalideas,theConstitutionprovidestheblueprintforthegovernmentalsystem.Thethreemajorarticlesdescribethethreebranchesofthenationalgovernmentlegislative,executiveandjudicialeachwithspecificdutiesandresponsibilities.除了提出一般性政治观念之外，宪法还规定了政府体制的蓝图。它用三个主要的条款规
18、定了美国政府的三个部门：立法、行政和司法，它们各自拥有相应的职权，承担相应的责任。第26页/共58页2021-11-1927ThreebranchesofthenationalgovernmentLegislative立法机关Executive行政机关Judicial司法机关第27页/共58页2021-11-1928第28页/共58页2021-11-1929Part2:TheprinciplesofgovernmentThreemainbranchesofgovernmentareseparatedanddistinctfromoneanot
19、her.三个主要的政府机构相互独立和区别。Thepowersgiventoeacharedelicatelybalancedbythepowersoftheothertwo.给予一个机构的权力受到另两个机构的微妙制约。第29页/共58页2021-11-1930Eachbranchservesasacheckonpotentialexcessesoftheothers.每一个部门都作为对其他部门可能滥用职权的制约。第30页/共58页2021-11-1931CongressandtheCourtsbalanceeachoth
20、er.Congressmakeslaws,buttheCourtsinterpretthem.TheSupremeCourtdecidesifalawfitsthemeaningoftheConstitution.Congress-CourtsKeepingtheBalance第31页/共58页2021-11-1932Congress-PresidentKeepingtheBalanceThePresidenthasspecialwaystocheck制约CongressandCongresshasspeci
21、alwaystocheckthePresident.ThePresidentchecksCongresswhenhevetoesabill否决议案.Congresscancheckhimifa2/3majorityvotestooverridehisveto.推翻总统的否决第32页/共58页2021-11-1933宪法至上TheConstitution,law,andtreatiesenteredintobythePresidentandapprovedbytheSenate,standsaboveall
22、otherlaws,executiveactsandregulations.宪法与根据宪法条款通过的法律以及由总统签署并由参议院批准的条约的效力高于所有其他法律和行政法规。第33页/共58页2021-11-1934EqualAllmenareequalbeforethelaw.法律面前人人平等。Allmenareequallyentitledtolawsprotection.所有人都有权享有法律的保护。Allstatesareequal.所有的州都平等。第34页/共58页2021-11-1935Stategovernment，li
23、kethefederalgovernment,mustberepublicaninform,withfinalauthorityrestinginthepeople.与联邦政府一样，州政府形式上必须是共和制，最终权力归于人民。第35页/共58页2021-11-1936Part3:ProvisionsofAmendment修正案条款ChangeswouldbeneededfromtimetotimeiftheConstitutionweretoendureandkeeppacewiththegrowthofthe
24、nation.宪法要想保持活力并跟得上国家发展的步伐，就必须不断改变。第36页/共58页2021-11-1937Theprocessofchangesshouldnotbefacile太容易permittingill-conceived允许设计不周到hastilypassedamendments仓促通过修正案Aminoritycouldnotblockactiondesiredbymostofthepeople少数人不能够阻止大多数人所希望的（修宪）行为第37页/共58页2021-11-1938Adualprocesstochanget
25、heConstitution双轨程序Congressmayinitiateanamendment国会提起宪法修改动议ThelegislaturesofstatesmayaskCongresstocallanationalconventiontodiscussanddraftamendments.州立法机关要求国会召开国民大会讨论并起草修正案Approvedbyofthestates的州认可后才能生效第38页/共58页2021-11-1939Asidefromthedirectprocessofchangingtheconsti
26、tutionitself,Theeffectofitsprovisionsmaybechangedbyjudicialinterpretation除了直接改变宪法本身外，通过司法解释，可以改变宪法条款的效力。第39页/共58页2021-11-1940Thedoctrineofjudicialreview司法审查原则Landmarkcase标志性案件；有里程碑意义的案件WilliamMarburyJamesMadisonvs.vs.诉第40页/共58页2021-11-1941InMarburyvs.Madison,ChiefJustice
27、JohnMarshallestablishedtheprincipleofjudicialreviewoftheconstitutionalityofactsofCongress.国会的法案是否符合宪法ChiefJusticeJohnMarshall(1755-1835)第41页/共58页2021-11-1942judicialreview司法审查权ThepoweroftheCourttointerpretactsofCongressanddecidetheirconst
28、itutionality.司法审查权是联邦最高法院解释国会行为并确定国会行为合宪性的权力。第42页/共58页2021-11-1943judicialreview司法审查权ThepoweroftheCourttoexplainthemeaningofvarioussectionsoftheConstitutionastheyapplytochanginglegal,political,economicandsocialconditions.司法审查权包含最高法院解释应用于不断变化的法律、政治、经济和社会环境的宪法各部分的意义的权力。第43
29、页/共58页2021-11-1944AseriesofCourtdecisionshashadtheeffectofalteringthethrustofconstitutionallaw,withnosubstantivechangeintheConstitutionitself.最高法院裁决有改变宪法指向的效果，但并没有使宪法本身发生实质性变化。第44页/共58页2021-11-1945Congressionallegislation,passedtoimplementprovisionsofthebasiclaw,or
30、toadaptittochangingconditions,alsobroadensandchangesthemeaningoftheconstitution.国会为执行基本法或使基本法适应改变的环境而制定的法律，也拓宽和改变了宪法的含义。第45页/共58页2021-11-1946Therulesandregulationsofmyriadagenciesofthefederalgovernmentmayhaveasimilareffect.联邦政府各机构制定的规章制度也具有类似的作用（拓宽和改变了宪法的含义）。Acidtest
31、严峻的考验严格的检验标准就是这种立法和规章是否符合宪法本身的意图和目的第46页/共58页2021-11-1947重点专业词汇ArticlesofConfederation联邦条例BILLOFRIGHTS权力法案Doctrineofconstitutionalsupremacy宪法至上原则第47页/共58页2021-11-1948Lifetimeappointment终身任职Ballotbox投票箱Impeachment弹劾misconductormalfeasance过失或渎职第48页/共58页2021-11-1949Treason叛国罪Bri
32、bery贿赂Misdemeanor轻罪HouseofRepresentatives众议院第49页/共58页2021-11-1950Senate参议院Legislative，Executive，Judicial立法、行政、司法Amendment修正案Thedoctrineofjudicialreview司法审查原则Therulesandregulations法律法规第50页/共58页2021-11-1951Questionsaboutthetext第51页/共58页2021-11-19521.Whatisthedoctrineofcon
33、stitutionalsupremacyThedoctrineofconstitutionalsupremacymeansthatwhenstateconstitutions,orlawspassedbystatelegislaturesorthenationalCongress,arefoundtoconflictwiththefederalConstitution,theyhavenoforce.第52页/共58页2021-11-19532.HowcantheAmericanpeoplechangetheU.S.
34、constitutionByamendingtheConstitution,or-intheory,atleastdraftinganewone.3.WhyisthepowerofpublicofficialslimitedBecausethepowerofpublicofficialsisdelegatedbythepeople,and,withoutthelimit,thepowerwillbeabused.4.WhohasthelifetimeappointmentinAmericanjud
35、iciaryFederaljusticesandjudges.第53页/共58页2021-11-19545.HowdoAmericanpeopleexpresstheirwillthroughtheballotboxByvotingfororagainstthecandidatesofpublicoffices.6.WhatistheprocessofimpeachmentTheHouseofRepresentativesmustvoteabillofimpeachment.ThepublicofficialisthentriedintheSenate,withtheChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStatespresidingatthetrial.7.Howmanyfederaljudgeshavebeenimpeachedinthe