China’slegalsystemcoverslawsthatfallundersevencategoriesandthreedifferentlevels.ThesevencategoriesaretheConstitutionandConstitution-related,civilandcommercial,administrative,economic,social,andcriminallawsandthelawonlawsuitandnon-lawsuitprocedures.Thethreedifferentlevelsarestatelaws,administrativeregulationsandlocalstatutes.
ByMarch2008,theNPCanditsStandingCommitteehadpromulgatedmorethan229lawscurrentlyinforce,theStateCouncilhadissuedover600administrativeregulationscurrentlyinforce,localpeople’scongressesandtheirstandingcommitteeshadenactedover7,000localstatutescurrentlyinforce,andthepeople’scongressesofnationalautonomousareashadenactedover600regulationsconcerningautonomyandlocalneeds.AsocialistlegalsystemhavingChinesecharacteristicsandcenteredontheConstitutionhastakeninitialshape.Chinanowhaslawsgoverningthebasic,importantaspectsofitspolitical,economic,culturalandsociallife.
ConcerningtheConstitutionandConstitution-relatedlaws,inadditiontohavingadoptedthecurrentConstitutionanditsfouramendments,ChinahasalsoenactedtheElectoralLaw,LawonDeputiestotheNPCandtoLocalPeople’sCongresses,andanumberoforganiclawsforstateorgans,LegislativeLaw,theSupervisionLawandotherlawsrelatedtostateorgans.Chinahasalsoenactedlawsconcerningsystemsforregionalethnicautonomy,specialadministrativeregionsandprimary-levelmassself-governance:principallytheLawontheAutonomyofEthnicMinorityRegions,theBasicLawoftheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,theBasicLawoftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion,theOrganicLawofVillagers’CommitteesandtheOrganicLawofUrbanNeighborhoodCommittees.
Concerningadministrativelaw,Chinahasenactedlawsconcerningstateadministration:principallytheRegulationsonAdministrativePenaltiesConcerningLawEnforcement,theAdministrativePunishmentLaw,theAdministrativeLicensingLaw,theNationalDefenseLaw,theGovernmentProcurementLaw,theEducationLaw,theLawonScientificandTechnologicalProgress,theLawonPreventingandControllingCommunicableDiseasesandtheEnvironmentalProtectionLaw.Chinahasalsoenactedlawsrelatedtooversightofadministrativeactivities:mainlytheLawonAdministrativeSupervisionandtheLawonAdministrativeReconsideration.
Withregardtoeconomiclaw,Chinahasenactedlawsconcerningmacro-economiccontrols:principallytheBudgetLaw,theAuditLaw,theLawonthePeople’sBankofChina,thePriceLaw,thePersonalIncomeTaxLaw,andtheLawonTaxCollectionandManagement.Chinahasenactedlawsformaintainingmarketorder:principallytheLawonProductQualityandtheAdvertisingLaw.Chinahasenactedlawsforopeningwidertotheoutsideworld:principallytheLawonJointVentureswithChineseandForeignInvestment,theLawonSino-ForeignContractJointVentures,theLawonWhollyForeign-InvestedEnterprises,andtheForeignTradeLaw.Chinahasenactedlawstopromoteindustrialdevelopment:principallytheAgricultureLaw,theHighwayLaw,theCivilAviationLaw,andtheElectricPowerLaw.Chinahasenactedlawsforprotectingandrationallydevelopingnaturalresources:principallytheForestryLaw,theGrasslandLaw,theWaterLaw,theMineralResourcesLaw,andtheLawonLandManagement.Chinahasalsoenactedlawsforstandardizingeconomicactivities:principallytheMetrologyLaw,theStatisticsLawandtheSurveyingLaw.
Concerningsociallaw,Chinahasenactedlawsconcerninglaborrelationsandsafeguardingworkers:principallytheLaborLaw,theTradeUnionLawandtheLawonMiningSafety.Chinahasalsoenactedlawsprotectingspecialgroupsinsociety:principallytheLawonSecurityfortheDisabled,theLawProtectingMinors,theLawSafeguardingtheRightsandInterestsofWomenandtheLawSafeguardingtheRightsandInterestsoftheElderly.
Withregardtocriminallaw,ChinahasenactedtheCriminalLawandadoptedmorethan10relatedsupplementarydecisions,amendmentsandlegalinterpretationstostandardizedefinitionsofcrimes,assignmentofcriminalresponsibilityanddeterminationofpunishment.
Concerninglawsuitandnon-lawsuitprocedures,Chinahasenactedlawstostandardizeproceduresforlawsuitsandotherlegalactions:principallytheCriminalProceduresLaw,theCivilProceduresLaw,theAdministrativeProceduresLaw,theLawonSpecialProceduresforMaritimeLawsuits,theExtraditionLaw,andtheArbitrationLaw.
Toadapttonewchangesbroughtaboutbythedevelopmentofthemarketeconomy,all-roundsocialprogressandChina’sentryintotheWTO,ChinawillcontinuetoenactnewlawsandamendandimprovethelawscurrentlyinforcetocreateasocialistlegalsystemwithChinesecharacteristicsby2010.
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