今天给小伙伴整理一下美国侵权法法律英语概念：
Atort侵权
Atortisbydefinitionalegalwrongcommitteduponthepersonorpropertyofanotherwithoutjustificationorprivilegethatmakesthedefendantliablefordamagesoccurringasaresultoftheconduct.Intentionaltortsareoneswherethedefendantdesirestobringaboutaparticularresult.Negligenceistheabsenceofduecare,accordingtothecircumstances.Strictliabilityisliabilitythatdoesnotdependonactualnegligenceoranintenttoharm,butisbasedonthebreachofanabsolutedutytomakesomethingsafe.Othertortcausesofactionincludenuisance,defamation,interferencewitheconomicrelations,andmaliciousprosecution.
Battery殴打
Abatteryisanintentionalcontactwiththepersonofanother,eitherharmfuloroffensive,thatisunconsentedandunprivileged.Anactorissubjecttoliabilitytoanotherfortheintentionaltortofbatteryif:(1)heactsintendingtocauseaharmfuloroffensivecontactwiththeperson;and(2)aharmfuloroffensivecontactresults.Intent,forpurposesofestablishingabattery,meanseitherthattheactordesirestocausetheconsequencesofhisactorthatheknowsthattheconsequencesarecertain,orsubstantiallycertain,toresultfromhisact.Bodilyharmincludesanyphysicalimpairmentoftheconditionofanother’sbody,orphysicalpainorillness.
Battery(HarmfulContact）伤害性的接触
Inabatteryaction,theplaintiffmustshowthatthedefendantintentionallycausedaharmfuloroffensivebodilycontact.Adefendantintentionallycausessuchacontactifheactswiththedesiretobringaboutthatharm,orengagesinactionknowingthatharmissubstantiallycertaintooccur.Intent,forpurposesofestablishingabattery,meanseitherthattheactordesirestocausetheconsequencesofhisactorthatheknowsthattheconsequencesarecertain,orsubstantiallycertain,toresultfromhisact.
Battery(OffensiveContact)冒犯性的接触
Offensivemeanswrongfulunderallcircumstances.Abodilycontactisoffensiveifitoffendsareasonablesenseofpersonaldignity.Thefactthatthevictimfindsthecontactoffensiveisnotdeterminative–aplaintiffmustadditionallyshowthatthecontactoffendsareasonable'senseofdignity.
FalseImprisonment非法监禁
Anactorissubjecttoliabilitytoanotherforfalseimprisonmentif:(1)heactsintendingtoconfinetheotherorathirdpersonwithinboundariesfixedbytheactor;and(2)hisactdirectlyorindirectlyresultsinsuchaconfinementoftheother;and(3)theotherisconsciousoftheconfinementorisharmedbyit.Confinementneednotbephysical,anditneednotbestationary.
DefensestoclaimsConsent抗辩-同意
Consent,whichisawillingnessinfactforconducttooccur,isadefensetointentionaltorts.Consentmaybemanifestedbyactionorinactionandneednotbecommunicatedtotheactor.Thus,ifwordsorconductarereasonablyunderstoodbyanothertobeintendedasconsent,theyconstituteapparentconsentandareaseffectiveasconsentinfact.However,adefendantisentitledtorelyonobjectivemanifestationsofconsent.
Justification正当事由
Justificationincludesself-defense,defenseofothersandthedefenseofpersonalproperty.
Privileges特权
Privilegesincludenecessity,parentalprivilege,andthequalifiedprivilegeofpoliceandotherpeaceofficers.
Immunities豁免
Immunitiesincludejudicialimmunity,wherebyjudicialofficershaveabsoluteimmunityfromtortliabilityprovidedtheactsarejudicialinnatureandwithintheirjurisdictionandtheactionsarenotinviolationoftheplaintiff’sconstitutionalrights.Incapacityisnotadefenseforintentionaltortssinceeverydefendantisregardedasbeingcapableofintent.However,supersedingormultipleconcurrentcausesmayrelieveatortfeasor’sliability.
Negligence-Theduty过失-义务
Adutyisalegalobligationthatisowedorduetoanotherandthatneedstobesatisfiedoranobligationforwhichsomebodyelsehasacorrespondingright.Innegligenceactions,ifthereisnoduty,negligencecannotexist.
Dutycanariseby:(1)voluntaryassumptionofdutyonpartofdefendant;(2)statute;or(3)judiciallydeterminedundercommonlawprinciples.Theforeseeabilityofharmtoanotherisaprerequisitetothedeterminationofduty.
FailuretoAct怠于履行
Generally,thereisnodutytocometotheaidofanother.Oneexceptiontothisno-dutyruleiswheresomespecialrelationshipexistsbetweentheplaintiffandthedefendant.Thus,anemployerisliableforthefailuretorenderassistancetoaninjuredemployee;acommoncarrierhassuchadutytoitspassengers;aninnkeeperhassuchadutytohisguests;abusinessinvitorisliableforthefailuretorenderassistancetoabusinessinvitee;aschoolhassuchadutytoitsstudents;ajailorhassuchadutytohisprisoners;andasocialinvitorhassuchadutytohisguests.
Standardofcare注意义务的标准
Thestandardofcareinnegligencecasesisthedutytoactreasonablysoastoavoidharmingothers.Exceptinspecialcasesprescribingadifferentstandardofcare,suchasthestandardforaminororaskilledprofessional,thestandardofcareapplicableinnegligenceactionsisthatthepersonmustactasareasonableadultinthecircumstances.
TheReasonablyPrudentPerson合理地谨慎的人
Indeterminingwhetheradefendant’sconductfellbelowthestandardofcare,thejurywouldmeasurethatconductagainsttheactionsofareasonable,prudentpersonengagedinalikeactivity.Areasonable,prudentpersontakesprecautionstoavoidforeseeablerisks,evenifthoseriskshaverarelymaterialized.Todeterminewhatisreasonableorunreasonableconductofthisfictionalreasonablyprudentperson,thefact-findermustlookatallthecircumstances,includingtheparticularskillsandattributesofthedefendant.
OtherSpecialClasses(Children)特殊人群（小孩）
Injudgingwhetherachildexercisedreasonablecareunderthecircumstances,thejurywouldmeasurethechild’sconductagainstthatofaminoroflikeage,intelligence,andexperience.Afewjurisdictionsapplytheso-called'tenderyearsdoctrine,'underwhichaminoroflessthansevenyearsofagecannotbefoundnegligent.Forexample,anormaltoddlerdoesnotforeseerisks,particularlywhenengagedinanactivitylikechasingaball–anormaladolescentdoesforeseesuchrisks.However,ifachildisengagedinadultactivity(e.g.driving),thechildhasadutytoactasareasonableadultwouldunderthecircumstanceswithrespecttothatactivity.
OtherSpecialClasses(ProfessionalPeople)特殊人群（专业人士）
Theelementswhichgovernordinarynegligenceactionsarealsoapplicableinactionsforprofessionalnegligence.Specifically,thestandardofcareapplicableinthelawofprofessionalnegligenceisthatdegreeofcarewhichareasonablyprudentpersonwouldhaveexercisedunderthesameorsimilarcircumstances.Oneofthefactorsrelevanttothedeterminationofwhatisreasonablecareunderthecircumstancesisthespecialknowledgeorskillswhichadefendantpossesses.
NegligencePerSe法律上的当然过失
Inanegligenceaction,aplaintiffmustshow:(1)aduty;(2)abreachofthatduty;(3)causationthatisbothactualandproximate;and(4)damages.Underthedoctrineofnegligenceperse,astatutecanbeusedtosubstitutethedutyofcare.Whenastatute’sstandardissubstitutedforthereasonablyprudentpersonstandard,thefirsttwoelementsofdutyandbreachareestablishedwhenthedefendantbreachesthestatute.
Custom风俗习惯
Customisrelevantinanegligenceaction,butitisnotdeterminative.Althoughkeepingcustomdoesnotguaranteeduecare,notkeepingcustomusuallyconstitutesnegligence.Forexample,whilecompliancewithindustrycustomisnotdispositive,itcanweighagainstafindingofnegligence.However,evenifadefendantactsconsistentlywiththestandardofcarecurrentlyappliedintheindustry,thedefendantmaybefoundnegligentifthecommunitystandardwassettoolow.
RulesofConductDerivedFromStatutesandCustom(Rescuers)营救人责任
Whenanactortakeschargeofanotherwhoishelplessorunabletoaidorprotecthimself,heissubjecttoliabilitytotheotherforbodilyharmcausedby:(1)thefailureoftheactortoexercisereasonablecaretosecurethesafetyoftheotherwhilewithintheactor’scharge;or(2)theactor’sdiscontinuingaidorprotection,ifbydoingsoheleavestheotherinaworsepositionthanwhentheactortookchargeofhim.
ResIpsaLoquitur事实自证
Thedoctrineofresipsaloquiturpermitsthejurytoinfernegligenceif:(1)intheabsenceofnegligence,theaccidentwouldnothaveoccurred;(2)othercausesareeliminatedbytheevidence;and(3)thethingthatcausedtheinjuryisshowntohavebeenundertheexclusivecontroloftheallegedwrongdoer.
Causation因果关系
Tosucceedinanegligencecase,theplaintiffmustdemonstrateduty,breach,causation,andinjury.Aperson’sbreachmustbeboththeactualandproximatecauseoftheplaintiff’sinjury.Toestablishaprimafaciecaseontheissueofcausation,aplaintiffmustshowthatthedefendant'sactwasasubstantialcauseoftheeventswhichproducedtheinjury.