加大生态保护修复力度，提升生态系统质量和稳定性，对维护国家生态安全具有基础性、战略性作用。中国实施系列生态保护修复工程，不断加大生态修复力度，统筹推进山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护和系统治理，生态恶化趋势基本得到遏制，自然生态系统总体稳定向好，服务功能逐步增强;坚决打赢污染防治攻坚战，极大缓解了生物多样性保护压力，生态环境质量持续改善，国家生态安全屏障骨架基本构筑。
Improvingandstabilizingecosystemsplaysafundamentalandstrategicroleinensuringnationalecologicalsecurity.Chinahasthereforeintensifiedeffortsineco-environmentalconservationandrestoration,andlaunchedaseriesofprojectsfortheintegratedconservationandrestorationofmountains,rivers,forests,farmland,lakes,grasslands,deserts,glaciersandsnowmountains.Asaresult,ecologicaldeteriorationhasbeencontained,andecosystemsaregenerallystable,withagreatercapacitytoservedevelopment.Chinahasbeenfightingatoughbattleagainstpollution;currently,thepressureonbiodiversityconservationisgreatlyeased,theeco-environmentkeepsimproving,andaframeworkofshieldsforecologicalsecurityhasbeenlargelycompleted.
实施系列生态保护修复工程。以恢复退化生态系统、增强生态系统稳定性和提升生态系统质量为目标，持续开展多项生态保护修复工程，有效改善和恢复了重点区域野生动植物生境。稳步实施天然林保护修复、京津风沙源治理工程、石漠化综合治理、三北防护林工程等重点防护林体系建设、退耕还林还草、退牧还草以及河湖与湿地保护修复、红树林与滨海湿地保护修复等一批重大生态保护与修复工程，实施25个山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点，启动10个山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程。制定实施《全国重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程总体规划(2021-2035年)》，确定了新时代“三区四带”生态保护修复总体布局。中国森林面积和森林蓄积连续30年保持“双增长”，成为全球森林资源增长最多的国家，荒漠化、沙化土地面积连续3个监测期实现了“双缩减”，草原综合植被盖度达到56.1%，草原生态状况持续向好。2016-2020年期间，累计整治修复岸线1200公里，滨海湿地2.3万公顷。2000-2017年全球新增的绿化面积中，约25%来自中国，贡献比例居世界首位。
Implementingeco-environmentalconservationandrestorationprojects.Torestoredegradedecosystems,andimproveandstabilizethem,Chinahascarriedoutmultipleconservationandrestorationprojects,whichhavesucceededinimprovingandrestoringwildlifehabitatsinkeyregions.
Chinahasimplementedkeyecosystem-relatedprojectsincludingconservationandrestorationofnaturalforests,sandstormsourcecontrolinBeijingandTianjin,stonydesertificationcontrol,theThree-North(i.e.,NortheastChina,NorthChinaandNorthwestChina)ShelterbeltForestProgramandotherkeyforestprograms,programsturningmarginalfarmlandintoforestsandgrasslands,programsreturninggrazinglandstograsslands,conservationandrestorationoflakes,riversandinlandwetlands,andconservationandrestorationofmangroveforestsandcoastalwetlands.
Chinahaslaunched25pilotprojectsand10integratedprojectsfortheconservationandrestorationofmountains,rivers,forests,farmland,lakes,grasslands,anddeserts.
ChinahasenactedtheMasterPlanonMajorProjectsfortheConservationandRestorationofNationalKeyEcosystems(2021-2035),specifyinganoverallconservationconfigurationfortheneweracomposedofThreeEco-zonesandFourShelterbelts–Qinghai-TibetPlateauEco-zone,YellowRiverEco-zone,YangtzeRiverEco-zone,NortheastShelterbelt,NorthShelterbelt,SouthShelterbelt,andCoastalShelterbelt.
Throughtheaboveactions,Chinahasachievedthefollowing:
China’sforestcoverageandforestreservehavebothmaintainedgrowthforthelast30years,andChinahasrealizedthelargestgrowthinforestresourcesamongallcountriesintheworld.
China’sdesertificationcoverageandsandydesertificationcoveragehavebothdecreasedinthreesuccessivemonitoringperiods.Itssteppevegetationcoverageratehasreached56.1percentandthesteppeecosystemshavecontinuedtoimprove.
Between2016and2020,Chinarestored1,200kmofcoastlineand23,000haofcoastalwetlands.
Between2000and2017,Chinacontributedabout25percentofglobalvegetationgrowth,thebiggestshareamongallcountries.
坚决打赢污染防治攻坚战。良好的环境质量是保护生物多样性的基础条件，也是生物多样性保护的应有之义。中国坚决向污染宣战，打响蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，污染防治力度不断加大，取得显著成效。2020年，全国细颗粒物(PM2.5)平均浓度为33微克/立方米，比2015年下降28.3%，优良天数比例比2015年上升5.8个百分点;全国地表水国控断面水质优良(Ⅰ～Ⅲ类)和丧失使用功能(劣Ⅴ类)水体比例分别为83.4%和0.6%，比2015年分别提高17.4个百分点和降低9.1个百分点;全国近岸海域优良水质(一、二类)面积比例为77.4%，较2015年上升9个百分点;全国受污染耕地安全利用率和污染地块安全利用率均超过90%。生态环境质量改善优化了物种生境，恢复了各类生态系统功能，有效缓解了生物多样性丧失压力。
Tighteningpollutioncontrol.Goodenvironmentalqualityisboththefoundationandgoalofbiodiversityconservation.Chinahasannouncedabattleagainstpollutiontoimproveair,waterandsoilquality.Throughanincreasingefforttocombatpollution,Chinahasachievedthefollowing:
In2020,China’saverageconcentrationofambientparticulatematters(PM2.5)was33μg/m3,downby28.3percentfrom2015,andthepercentageofdayswithgoodairqualityroseby5.8percentagepointsfrom2015.
In2020,thecombinedproportionofstate-controlledwatersectionswithgood-qualitysurfacewaterreachingGradesI,IIandIIIwas83.4percent,upby17.4percentagepointsfrom2015;andthatofwatersectionswithbadqualitysurfacewaterbelowGradeVwas0.6percent,downby9.1percentagepointsfrom2015.
In2020,thecombinedproportionofgoodqualityoffshorewatersreachingGradesIandIIwas77.4percentintermsofarea,upby9percentagepointsfrom2015.
In2020,thesafeutilizationrateofcontaminatedarablelandandthatofcontaminatedlandbothexceeded90percent.
Abettereco-environmenthasprovidedbetterwildlifehabitats,whichhashelpedrestorethefunctionsofvariedecosystemsandgreatlyeasedthepressurefrombiodiversityloss.
(五)协同推进绿色发展
5.PromotingGreenDevelopmentwithCoordinatedEfforts
在经济社会发展过程中，中国注重以自然承载力为基础，加快转变经济发展方式，倡导绿色低碳生活，协同推进高水平生物多样性保护和高质量发展。
Chinaendeavorstoadvancesocialandeconomicdevelopmentwithinthecarryingcapacityofsupportingecosystems.Measureshavebeentakentotransformtheeconomicgrowthmodel,encouragegreenandlow-carbonwaysoflife,andcoordinateeffortsinbiodiversityconservationandhigh-qualitydevelopment.
加快行业产业绿色转型。贯彻新发展理念，坚持保护优先、绿色发展，推动经济社会发展全面绿色转型，促进经济发展与生态环境保护相协调，减少对生物多样性的压力。加快建立健全绿色低碳循环发展经济体系，优化产业结构，提高资源利用效率和清洁生产水平，提升绿色产业比重，加快一二三产业和基础设施绿色转型和升级。鼓励发展生态种植、生态养殖和可持续经营，加强生物资源养护，制定可持续生产标准指南，加强绿色食品、有机农产品、森林生态标志产品、可持续水产品等绿色产品认证，发挥科技创新作用，强化农业、林业、渔业、畜牧业等领域的生物多样性保护与可持续利用。实施特许猎捕证制度、采集证制度、驯养繁殖许可证制度等重点野生动植物利用管理制度，鼓励保护和可持续利用优良生物资源。
Acceleratingthegreentransformationofallsectorsandindustries.Upholdingthenewdevelopmentphilosophy,Chinapursuesgreendevelopmentwiththeprioritygiventoeco-environmentalconservation.Effortshavebeenmadetopromotethegreentransformationofallsectorsandindustriesinsocialandeconomicdevelopment,tobalanceeconomicdevelopmentwitheco-environmentalprotection,andtoreducethepressureonbiodiversity.
Chinaismovingfasterinbuildinganeconomicstructurethatfacilitatesgreen,low-carbonandcirculardevelopment,aimingtoimproveindustrialstructure,raisetheefficiencyofresourceutilization,promotecleanerproduction,increasetheproportionofgreenindustries,andacceleratethegreentransformationandupgradingofprimary,secondaryandtertiaryindustriesandtheirinfrastructure.
Chinaencourageseco-friendlyplantingandbreedingindustriesandsustainableoperations.Ithasformulatedguidelinesonsustainableproductionforbetterconservationofbio-resources.Ithasimprovedthecertificationofgreenproductssuchasgreenfood,organicfarmproduce,forestproductswithecolabels,andsustainableaquacultureproducts.Chinaisleveraginginnovativetechnologyinprotectingbiodiversity,andsustainablyutilizingbio-resourcesinthefieldsofagriculture,forestry,fisheryandanimalhusbandry.
Chinahasputinplacesystemsfortheutilizationandadministrationofkeywildliferesources,suchashuntinglicenses,collectingpermits,anddomesticatingandbreedingcertificates,andencouragesconservationandsustainableutilizationofpremierbio-resources.
推进城乡建设绿色发展进程。以生物多样性保护为前提，积极探索生物多样性保护与乡村振兴协同推进，培育优势资源、发展生态产业，推动城市、乡村绿色高质量发展，建设人与自然和谐相处、共生共荣的美丽家园。在乡村振兴过程中充分考虑生态环境因素，以促进农村进步、实现农民富裕为目标，持续加大生物资源的保护力度，助推可持续发展。持续开展国家生态文明建设示范区、国家环境保护模范城市、国家生态园林城市、国家园林城市等建设，着力推动城市生物多样性保护，城市生态空间格局持续优化，城市生态系统质量稳步提升，人民群众的生态环境获得感、幸福感和安全感不断增强。倡导并培育绿色消费、绿色出行、绿色居住等绿色低碳生活方式，减少自然资源消耗。
Promotinggreenurbanandruraldevelopment.Chinaiscoordinatingitseffortsinbiodiversityconservationandruralrevitalization,withtheformerasaprecondition.Ithasendeavoredtoexplorecompetitiveresources,developeco-friendlyindustries,promotegreenandhigh-qualitydevelopmentinbothurbanandruralareas,andbuildabeautifulhomelandfeaturingharmoniouscoexistenceofhumanityandnature.
Chinatakesintofullaccounteco-environmentalfactorsintheprocessofruralrevitalization.Withanaimtopromoteruralprogressandimprovefarmers’livingstandards,ithasredoubledeffortsinpreservingbio-resources,asameansoffacilitatingsustainabledevelopment.
Chinaisbuildingnationaldemonstrationzonesforeco-environmentalprogress,nationalmodelcitiesforenvironmentalprotection,nationaleco-parkcities,andnationalparkcities.Theaimistostrengthenbiodiversityconservationinurbanareas,optimizetheurbanecologicalspatialconfiguration,improveurbanecosystems,andenhancethepeople’ssenseofgain,happinessandsecurityfromtheeco-environment.
Chinahasbeenencouraginggreenandlow-carbonwaysoflife,suchasgreenconsumption,greentravelandgreenhousing,toreducetheconsumptionofnaturalresources.
探索生态产品价值实现路径。贯彻落实“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念，推动生态产品价值实现和保值增值，培育经济高质量发展新动能。建立健全生态产品价值实现机制，着力构建“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”的政策制度体系。在长江流域和三江源国家公园等开展生态产品价值实现机制试点，推进“绿水青山就是金山银山”实践创新基地建设，探索政府主导、企业和社会各界参与、市场化运作、可持续的生态产品价值实现路径，推动将自然生态优势转化为经济社会高质量发展优势，激发生物多样性保护内生动力。
Realizingthemarketvalueofgreenproducts.Practicingtheconceptthatlucidwatersandlushmountainsareinvaluableassets,Chinahasworkedtorealizeandincreasethemarketvalueofgreenproducts,andseeknewgrowthenginesforhigh-qualitydevelopment.
Chinahasestablishedasoundmechanismforrealizingthemarketvalueofgreenproducts,andisworkingonapolicyframeworkforturning“lucidwatersandlushmountains”into“invaluableassets”.
ChinahaspilotedmechanismsforthemarketingofgreenproductsintheYangtzeRiverBasinandSanjiangyuanNationalPark,andestablishedbasesforturningnaturalresourcesintoeconomicgains.Effortshavebeenmadetodevisemarketingstrategiesforgreenproducts,whichareoverseenbythegovernment,adaptedtocommercializedoperation,andsupportsustainabledevelopment,andinwhichenterprisesandallsectorsofsocietyparticipate.Theaimistoturneco-environmentalstrengthsintogrowthdriversforqualitydevelopmentandmotivatethepublictopreservebiodiversity.
三、提升生物多样性治理能力
III.ImprovingBiodiversityGovernance
中国将生物多样性保护上升为国家战略，把生物多样性保护纳入各地区、各领域中长期规划，完善政策法规体系，加强技术保障和人才队伍建设，加大执法监督力度，引导公众自觉参与生物多样性保护，不断提升生物多样性治理能力。
BiodiversityconservationhasbeenelevatedtoanationalstrategyinChina,andincorporatedintomid-andlong-termplansofallregionsandfields.Therehasbeenadrivetoimprovethelegalandpolicyframework,strengthentechnicalsupportandthetrainingofhigh-caliberpersonnel,expandoversightonlawenforcement,andencouragepublicparticipationinconservingbiodiversity,thusimprovingbiodiversitygovernance.
(一)完善政策法规
1.ImprovingRelevantPolicies,LawsandRegulations
中国不断建立健全生物多样性保护政策法规体系，制定相应的中长期规划和行动计划，为生物多样性保护和管理提供制度保障。
Chinaismakingconstanteffortstoestablishandimprovepolicies,lawsandregulationsonbiodiversityconservation,andhasdraftedmid-andlong-termprogramsandactionplanstoprovideinstitutionalguaranteesforbiodiversityconservationandmanagement.
Strengtheningorganizationandleadership.TheChinaNationalCommitteeforBiodiversityConservation(CNCBC)hasbeenestablishedtocoordinateconservationactions.Itiscomposedof23departmentsundertheStateCouncil,andheadedbyaVicePremierwhoisinchargeofenvironmentalprotection.Tostrengthenthequalityandstabilityofourecosystems,theOutlineofthe14thFive-YearPlan(2021-2025)forNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandtheLong-RangeObjectivesThroughtheYear2035makeprovisionsforimplementingmajorbiodiversityconservationprojectsandbuildingabiodiversityconservationnetwork.
TheChinaNationalBiodiversityConservationStrategyandActionPlan(2011-2030)hasbeenissuedandimplemented,offeringsubstantialguidancein10priorityareas,includingthepolicyandlegalframeworkforbiodiversityconservationandsustainableutilizationofbio-resources,and30actions,includinginter-departmentalcoordinationmechanisms.Beijing,Jiangsu,Yunnanand19otherprovincial-leveladministrativeunitshaveformedlocalstrategiesandactionplansaccordingly.
Chinahasputinplaceasystemforevaluatingperformanceinadvancingecologicalprogress,basedonwhichindicatorsofbiodiversityconservationhavebeenincludedinperformanceevaluationforlocalgovernments,urgingthemtofulfilltheirresponsibilitiesforbiodiversityconservation.
Strengtheningthelegalsystemforbiodiversityconservation.Overthepastdecade,Chinahaspromulgatedandrevisedmorethan20lawsandregulationspertinenttobiodiversityconservation,includinglawsonforestry,grassland,fishery,seed,biosecurityaswellaslawsontheprotectionofwildanimals,theenvironment,marineenvironment,andtheYangtzeRiver,coveringtheprotectionofwildlifeandimportantecosystems,biosecurity,accesstoandbenefit-sharingofbiogeneticresources,thusprovidingsolidlegalsafeguardsforbiodiversityconservationandsustainableutilizationofbio-resources.
Chinahasalsorevisedthelistofkeywildanimalsandplantsunderstateprotection,layingafoundationforrescuingrareandendangeredwildlifeandmaintainingbiodiversity.In2020,theStandingCommitteeofthe13thNationalPeople’sCongressadoptedatits16thsessiontheDecisiontoComprehensivelyProhibittheIllegalTradeofWildAnimals,EliminatetheBadHabitsofWildAnimalConsumption,andProtecttheHealthandSafetyofthePeople.
Differentprovincesandequivalentadministrativeunitshaveissuedrelevantregulationsbasedonlocalconditions.YunnanProvince,forexample,formulateditsownbiodiversityconservationregulation,thefirstlocaloneinthecountry.
(二)强化能力保障
2.ExtendingGuarantees
组织开展全国生物多样性调查，建立完善生物多样性监测观测网络，不断加大资金投入和科技研发力度，生物多样性保护和治理能力全面提升。
Chinahasorganizednationwidebiodiversitysurveys,andputinplacesoundbiodiversitymonitoringandobservationnetworks.Ithasincreasedfinancialinputandeffortintechnologyresearchanddevelopmenttoimprovethecapacityforbiodiversityconservationandgovernance.
开展全国生物多样性调查与评估。大力推进生物多样性保护重大工程实施，结合自然资源调查、生态系统监测评估等工作，不断完善生物多样性调查与评估能力，首次将生物多样性指标纳入生态质量综合评价指标体系，引导地方加强生态文明建设与生物多样性保护。开展自然资源调查，包括森林、草原、水、湿地、荒漠、海洋等，建立自然资源调查评价监测制度。构建了涵盖2376个县级行政单元、样线总长超过3.4万公里的物种分布数据库，建立物种资源调查及收集信息平台，准确反映野生动植物空间分布状况。完成长江经济带、京津冀等国家战略区域180多个县级行政区生物多样性调查与评估。组织开展近海渔业资源调查，初步掌握近海渔业资源状况。陆续发布《中国植物红皮书》《中国濒危动物红皮书》《中国物种红色名录》《中国生物多样性红色名录》，基本掌握生物多样性总体情况，为加强生物多样性保护奠定了科学基础。
Conductingnationwidebiodiversitysurveysandassessment.Toimproveitsbiodiversitysurveyandassessmentcapacity,Chinahascarriedoutmajorbiodiversityconservationprojects,inadditiontosurveysofnaturalresourcesandthemonitoringandassessmentofecosystems.Ithasincludedbiodiversityindicatorsinthesystemofcomprehensiveassessmentindexesforecologicalqualityforthefirsttimetoguidelocalgovernmentsinprotectingtheeco-environmentandbiodiversity.Asystemforsurveying,assessingandmonitoringnaturalresourceshasbeendeveloped,andsurveysonforests,grasslands,waters,wetlands,deserts,oceansandothernaturalresourceshavebeencarriedout.
Chinahasbuiltaspeciesdistributiondatabase,covering2,376county-leveladministrativeunitsandtotalingover34,000kminlinetransect.Aninformationplatformhasbeensetuptosurveyandcollectvariousspecies,accuratelymappingthespatialdistributionofwildlife.
Chinahascompletedbiodiversitysurveysandassessmentinmorethan180county-leveladministrativeunitsintheYangtzeRiverEconomicBelt,Beijing-Tianjin-HebeiRegionandsomeothernationalstrategicareas.Offshoreresourcesstudieshavebeencarriedouttobuildaninitialprofileoffisheryresources.
ChinahasreleasedtheChinaRedDataBookofPlants,ChinaRedDataBookofEndangeredAnimals,ChinaSpeciesRedList,andChina’sRedListofBiodiversitytoestablishtheoverallsituationofbiodiversityandlayascientificbasisforbetterbiodiversityconservation.
完善监测观测网络。中国建立起各类生态系统、物种的监测观测网络，在生物多样性理论研究、技术示范与推广以及物种与生境保护方面发挥了重要作用，为科研、教育、科普、生产等各领域提供了多样化的信息服务与决策支持。其中，中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)、国家陆地生态系统定位观测研究网络(CTERN)涵盖所有生态系统和要素，中国生物多样性监测与研究网络(SinoBON)覆盖动物、植物、微生物等多种生物类群，中国生物多样性观测网络(ChinaBON)构建了覆盖全国的指示物种类群观测样区。