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——突破句子简化题
北美杨诗语dede
我们先来看看托福阅读中的句子简化题的相貌是什么样的:
Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage(paragraph4)Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
其实,我们可以从题目中提取这样几个关键词:best,change,leaveout。从这几个词里,我们就可以总结出来这样几点:1.正确选项只是最好的表达除了主干信息,并不是说其他选项就是错的;2.错误选项的一个特征是改变的原文的意思;3.错误选项遗漏的主干信息。
在托福考试中,我们最常见的几种逻辑关系是:转折,因果,对比,并列。对,排名就是分先后顺序的!
1.转折
信号词:but,nevertheless,however,though,eventhough
转折关系在中文当中翻译过来就是“但是”,这里我们需要注意的是,我们看句子的时候,还要注意转折的句子强调的对象有没有颠倒。比如:他天天去健身房健身,但是看起来还是很娘。这句话重点在后半句,看起来很娘。但是,如果你把转折信号词前后的内容写颠倒,就成了“他看起来很娘,但是他天天去健身房”,前后顺序互换之后,句子的重点明显就发生了改变。做托福阅读当中的句子简化题也是这样,当我们一眼看出是什么逻辑关系后,接下来要关心的就是,选项句子有没有改变原文句子意思。
例如:
Hillsandmountainsareoftenregardedastheepitomeofpermanence,successfullyresistingthedestructiveforcesofnature,butinfacttheytendtoberelativelyshort-livedingeologicalterms.
A.Whentheyarerelativelyyoung,hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature.
B.Althoughtheyseempermanent,hillsandmountainsexistforarelativelyshortperiodofgeologicaltime.
C.Hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature,butonlyforashorttime.
D.Hillsandmountainsresistthedestructiveforcesofnaturebetterthanothertypesoflandforms.
首先,我们看到原句当中有一个“but”,所以我们可以判断这个句子当中存在有转折关系,这时候我们要做的,就是把选项当中不是转折关系的AD选项排除掉。然后,我们看原句当中,转折的两个对象分别是什么,原句前面有permanence,but后面有shorttime,所以,是在这两个方面进行对比,但C选项的前半部分没有体现出permanence这个信息,最后,我们可以判断B选项和原句相对应的。
2.因果
信号词:since,because,so,asaresultof/from
因果关系其实和转折是一样的道理,如果我们发现原句当中是因果逻辑关系的话,我们首先在四个选项当中排除掉非因果关系的选项。然后,因果关系的句子中,因和果的内容也是不能互换的,就像“因为托福很虐,所以我们很爱。”和“因为我们很爱,所以托福很虐。”是完全相反的意思。
Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.
A.Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.
B.Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.
C.Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.
D.Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.
原句当中,有resultfrom,所以是因果关系的句子,这样,我们可以轻轻松松把C和D选项排除。并且,resultfrom这个短语的前面是果,后面是因并且,后面还有“aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.”。所以说,“thevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected”和“thegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess”都是原因,我们只要找到选项中哪个选项是的原因是这两点的同义替换就可以了。A选项的“reverse”和“affect”是和这两点原因相对应的。
3.对比
信号词:while,whereas,rather,unlike,contraryto
看到原句当中存在对比关系的时候,我们要知道,A和B是对比关系的两个主体,所以,答案中一定要把AB的内容都包含进去。在对比逻辑关系中,常常会附带有比较逻辑关系。就是more..than,等等的比较级。比如:A不错,然而B更好。那么如果原句中有比较,答案中也会出现比较,不能省去。
Forexample,peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustified—asduringwartime—arelikelytoactaggressively,whereaspeoplewhobelievethataparticularwaroractofaggressionisunjust,orwhothinkthataggressionisneverjustified,arelesslikelytobehaveaggressively.
A.Peoplewhobelievethattheyarefightingajustwaractaggressivelywhilethosewhobelievethattheyarefightinganunjustwardonot.
B.Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedaremorelikelytoactaggressivelythanthosewhobelievedifferently.
C.Peoplewhonormallydonotbelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedmayactaggressivelyduringwartime.
D.Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifieddonotnecessarilyactaggressivelyduringwartime.
我们可以看到原句当中有一个逻辑关系词whereas,表示“一类人….,有另一类人…“,所以,答案中一定要包含这两类人如何如何,不能省略任何一方。所以我们可以把CD排除掉。其次,在原句最后提到了lesslikely,所以,这里还有对两类人进行一个比较,然而,A选项并没有比较的因素存在,也可以排除掉。最后,我们可以坚定肯定的确定答案就是B.
4.并列
信号词:and,aswellas,分号
Largewindfarmsmightalsointerferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirdsincertainareas,andtheyhavekilledlargebirdsofprey(especiallyhawks,falcons,andeagles)thatprefertohuntalongthesameridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbines.
A.Hawks,falcons,andeaglesprefertohuntalongridgelines,wherewindturbinescankilllargenumbersofmigratorybirds.
B.Windturbinesoccasionallycausemigratorybirdstochangetheirflightpatternsandthereforemayinterferewiththeareaswherebirdsofpreyprefertohunt.
C.Someofthebestlocationsforlargewindfarmsareplacesthatmaycauseproblemsformigratingbirdsandbirdsofprey.
D.Largewindfarmsincertainareaskillhawks,falcons,andeaglesandthusmightcreateamoreidealpathfortheflightofmigratorybirds.
看到原句当中有and,所以可以迅速判断这个句子是并列关系,直接排除掉BD,因为therefore和thus表示的是因果关系。然后看原句,and前说,风力发电厂会interferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirds,and后说,风力发电长会killlargebirdsofprey。所以,就可以总结为C选项中会causeproblem,把原句当中的并列的两个原因放到causeproblems的后面,确定是答案C.