多胞胎怀孕以双胞胎妊娠最常见.ppt

1、多胞胎Multiplegestation,一、多胞胎多胞胎懷孕以雙胞胎妊娠最常見,Twins雖只佔所有妊娠1%,但最近三十年因為不孕症增加加上人工受精的技術進步有上升的現象,現在大概佔所有妊娠的2%,但周產期死亡率高達1015%,約為單胞胎的10倍。二、發生率Twin:1/801/100Triplet:1/802Quadruplet:1/803,三、名詞解釋:Superfetation(異期複孕):ovulationandfertilizationduringthecourseofanestablishedpregnancy,whishwould

2、theoreticallybepossibleuntiltheuterinecavityisobliteratedbythedeciduacapsularistothedeciduavera。anintervalaslongasorlongerthanamenstrualcycleSuperfecundation(同期複孕):是指短時間內(withinsamemenstrualcycle)有twoova受精,但非相同性交也不一定是來自同一個人的sperm。Discordancytwins:定義以較大者為準則,兩者體

3、重差異大於25%則為discordancy。通常的原因為uteroplacentalinsufficiency。,四、Monozygotic分類:Dianmiotic-Dichorionictwin:佔了約30%,分裂在innercellmass(morula)形成前,外層blastocyst尚未變成chorion,在受精72hr內,Sonography下有separateplacentas,除此之外還會有twinpeaksignorlambdasign(就是兩個placentas的交界)。Dianmiotic-Monochorionictwin:發生

4、的機率較多佔68,分裂在第48天間,innercellmass(Morula)已形成,外層blastocyst已變成chorion,但amnion未分化。胎盤間可能互相接通,可能發生twin-totwintransfusionsyndrome(TTTS),因而胎兒的死亡率會高一些,約25%。Monoamniotic-Monochorionictwin:amnion已形成,約受精813天,embryonicdisk未形成,雖然發生的機會不多但因小孩常會卡在一起(entanglementofumbilicalcords),死亡率很高,尤其是在沒有C/S的情況下,

5、但Monoamnionicstatus藉由早產來避免cordentanglement的危險性比因cordaccident致死的危險性高。Conjugatedtwin:分隔是在受精13天後,embryonicdisk已形成,分開不完全就會產生conjoinedtwins。常見共同相連部可能在(1)Anterior(thoracopagus,最常見),(2)Posterior(pyopagus),(3)Cephalic(craniopagus),(4)Caudal(iscbiopagus)。,五、多胎形成之原因自然性:又以兩個個別卵子受精dizygotictwin佔2

6、/3,與race,heredity,maternalage,parity有關;單一受精卵分裂成兩相似個體monozygotictwin(1/250)佔1/3,與race,heredity,maternalage,parity無關。醫源性:包括人工生殖產生的多胞胎,這個部份越來越多,目前是以infertilitydrug的使用為最多,另外跟毌親是否服用一些荷爾蒙、避孕藥有關。90%Dizygotictwin,10%monozygotictwin。目前最常用來促進排卵的藥物有口服的clomophene、針劑的有gonadotropin如FSH、HMG等,這藥物

7、會使婦女的卵泡長得比較多,發生多胞胎的機會自然會增加,打針產生的多胞胎,約是服用clomiphene產生多胞胎的5-10倍左右。,六、處理先利用U/S看究竟是子宮內或子宮外懷孕並確定到底懷了幾個。懷孕16-18週時應該進行羊水穿刺術,懷雙胞胎時這進行羊水穿刺的indication跟單胞胎時一樣,不過羊水穿刺需要分別做,要分開來仔細檢查。雙胞胎的孕婦一般需比單胞胎的孕婦每天多攝取300kcal的熱量才會足夠。懷了雙胞胎產生malformation的機會可能高一點,注意是否有TTTS發生。雙胞胎中一個是死的,一個活的,若死亡是發生在懷孕的早期則較不會對存活的那一個產生不良的影響;若死亡是

8、發生在懷孕的較晚期,則存活的那個可能發生一些凝血因子的影響consumptivecoagulopathy,甚至影響到母親,有暫時性hypofibrinogenemia,此時可使用heparininfusion治療。,七、何時出生是最佳時機?Spontaneouspretermlabor是雙胞胎37wks前早產的主因,而pretermprematurerupturedofmembrane則是單胞胎的主因。雙胞胎懷孕時,毌親體重增加會遠比單胞胎懷孕時大。雙胞胎懷孕的初期毌親體重的增加和單胞胎懷孕差不多,但到了2ndtrimester之後,兩條curve就明顯分開了。就小朋友的成

9、長來看,不論單胞、雙胞或三胞胎,起初體重都差不多,但到了30週以後,由於毌親肚子內有限的空間與有限的養份,單胞胎的小朋友會比雙胞胎的小朋友大,雙胞胎的再比三胞胎的大。對單胞胎來說,以3840wks為其生產最佳的週數,雙胞胎則以36wks為最佳的週數,三胞胎則以33wks為最佳的週數,四胞胎則為29wks。八、PresentationCephalicCephalic42%CephalicBreech27%CephalicTransverse18%BreechBreech5%Others8%,九、ComplicationMaternalPretermlabor本

10、來就容易出現ICH、NEC、RDSPre-eclampsiaandeclampsiarate:多胞胎引起的preeclampsia容易有epigastricpain,hemolysis,thrombocytopeniaThrombophlebitisandembolicphenomenon使用安胎藥物的機會增加造成孕婦受adverseeffect的影響PPHdueto子宮較不容易收縮或較大Polyhydramnios,oligohydramnios,abruptioplacenta,placentaprevia機會都會增加Fetal/neonata

11、lSpontaneousabortionPrematurityorLBBWorstillbirthBirthinjuryMalpresentationCongenitalanomaliesCordaccidentorprolapseTwintotwintransfusionsyndrome,十、對於醫源性造成的multifetal可以如何處理?等到10週以後再決定要不要進行selectivetermination。進行減胎手術的理由是增加fetalsurvivalrate,減少毌親complication。大多減到雙胞胎,但一定要跟家屬充份溝通

12、因為可能從四胞胎減為兩胞胎,結果過一個禮拜全部都沒有了。減胎手術的方法現在多用transabdominalortransvaginalreduction,transabdomen是在懷孕較晚期12-14wks做,而transvaginal是在懷孕早期10-12wks做,因為可能發生spontaneousabortion的關係晚一點做可以避免作白工。減胎是利用長針匝入胚胎,最好直接刺入心臟,先回抽若可以看到鮮血,表示有刺到心臟,再打入KCL,原則上打入0.52cc。Complication:Infection,出血,DIC,剩餘胎兒abortion,注射錯誤使正常胎兒流產

13、,胎兒依然存在結構和基因異常,Pretermlabor減胎術outcome一般來說都很好,現在已經很少聽說發生fetalloss的情形,若發生fetalloss多半是因為infection引起的。,十一、Twintotwintransfusionsyndrome(TTTS)Generalconception:只會發生在monochorionictwins,是monochorionic最常見的complication,預後很差,mortalityrate由50100%,且越早期出現prognosis越差。Pathophysiology:胎盤血液由donortwi

14、n流向recipienttwin,造成donaranemiaandgrowthrestriction,也會有oligohydramnios的現象,而recipient變成polycythemic或circulationoverload造成hydropsfetalis,也會有polyhydramnios的現象。Recipent在新生兒期間若有hypervolemia及hyperviscosity易伴隨circulationoverload導致heartfailureorocclusivethrombosis。polycythemia易導致新生兒嚴重黃膽及kernicterus,常發生在secondtrimester。,十一、Twintotwintransfusionsyndrome(TTTS)Diagnosis:胎盤血管連結communicatingvesselsintheplacenta。Hb差異大於5g/dl。胎兒間體重差異大於20%。大胎兒polyhydramnios,小胎兒growthrestrictionan

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