复材资讯探索粉末涂料在复合材料部件上的应用

粉末涂料技术的进步,使得越来越多的复合材料部件获得了可行的表面质量。

从航空航天到汽车再到体育用品等行业,复合材料正快速进入越来越多的应用领域。然而,要想获得表面完美的复合材料部件,可能是一项挑战。施加粉末涂料,这种传统上用于金属的精加工工艺,现在在非金属基材上越来越受到欢迎。

粉末涂料涉及通过静电应用过程将干的粉末涂在基材上,然后涂有粉末涂料的部件在加热的条件下固化,形成耐用、美观的保护性饰面。该工艺优点很多,包括均一的外观、更高的抗碎裂性和耐刮擦性,以及因不含有害空气污染物(HAPs)和挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)而具有环保优势。

尽管具有这些优点,但要将粉末涂料用作复合材料部件的饰面,仍需考虑几个重要因素。需要考虑的主要因素之一是基材的热敏性。传统的粉末喷涂工艺需要在高温下固化,温度通常为150-200℃,但许多复合材料可能无法承受这样的温度,否则会发生降解或变形。为解决该问题,一些低温粉末涂料已被开发出来,这些涂料能够在明显更低的大约120-150℃的温度下固化,从而适用于热敏性基材。其他的低温解决方案包括利用紫外光来固化粉末涂料,以减少热敏材料暴露在热环境中。

涂着效率是指粘附在预期表面上的涂层或漆层与浪费材料量的百分比。由于应用过程是利用静电喷枪将带电材料沉积到基材上,因此粉末涂料能够实现高的涂着效率。

粉末涂料已在各行业中得到了应用,包括运动和娱乐设备、航空航天和汽车等。比如,在体育行业,这些涂料为自行车、网球拍和高尔夫球杆等产品带来了更强的耐用性和使用性能。在航空航天和汽车领域,一些公司正在开展一些研发项目,以探索将其涂料用于内饰部件,以及开发具有特定性能特征的功能性涂料。

粉末涂料的优势

粉末涂料以其耐用性和保护性而闻名,可针对环境因素(包括紫外辐射、湿气和化学品)提供强大的屏障,这种保护对于在户外或恶劣环境中使用的产品特别有益。此外,粉末涂料还带来了诸多的美观性选择:从哑光到高光,从金属质感到纹理外观,粉末涂料有多种颜色和饰面可供选择。这种多功能性允许设计师在不影响产品性能的情况下实现特定的美学目标。

也许最重要的优势是粉末涂料被认为是一种环保工艺。与液态油漆不同,粉末涂料不含溶剂或HAP,释放的VOC量可以忽略不计,这使其成为更环保的选项,符合许多行业的可持续发展目标。

此外,粉末涂料的固态特征使其易于储存、运输和清理。而在应用过程中,粉末带有静电,这使其能够粘附在基材上,意味着所应用的大部分涂料最终都会附着在部件上,从而实现了高的涂着效率,最大程度地减少了浪费。多余的粉末还可以回收重复使用。

紫外固化粉末涂料

固化过程中的过热除了给复合材料部件或塑料部件带来变形或降解的风险外,还会影响复合材料的力学性能,如拉伸强度和弹性。而紫外固化的粉末涂料对于涂覆此类材料特别有用,因为暴露在紫外线下时,它们会立即固化,这有助于降低改变材料性能的风险。通过使用紫外光来固化涂层,可以在不损坏基材的情况下获得耐用、高质量的饰面。

其它注意事项

除了需要固化外,在复合材料部件上应用粉末涂料前,还需要考虑其他一些因素。

1.复杂的形状:碳纤维部件通常具有复杂的形状和轮廓,这为均匀涂敷粉末涂料带来了挑战。先进的应用技术,如带有可调节喷嘴的静电喷枪,有助于实现涂料的均匀涂敷。在应用过程中,旋转或倾斜部件也可以确保粉末涂敷到表面上的所有角落。

2.表面处理:在施加涂层前,需要对表面作适当的处理,这对于确保粉末涂料的附着力和耐久性至关重要。碳纤维和复合材料的部件通常具有光滑、无孔的表面,涂层难以附着,利用喷砂、化学蚀刻或涂底漆等表面处理技术,则可以提高附着力。在对复合材料部件进行表面处理时,必须选择一种不损坏纤维或树脂基体的方法。

3.电导率:粉末喷涂工艺是依靠静电吸引在固化前将粉末固定到位。碳纤维本质上具有导电性,这有助于粉末涂料的应用。但是,电导率可能会因复合材料的配方和纤维取向而异。由于确保整个部件具有一致且足够的静电荷至关重要,因此使用导电底漆或将部件接地等技术可以改善粉末涂料的应用过程。

展望未来

随着市场对轻质、高性能材料需求的不断增长,开发并改进用于复合材料的粉末涂料工艺,有助于推进复合材料在各领域的应用。在电动汽车、储能和航空航天等应用领域,特别是在未来空中交通(AAM)领域,人们正在对“以新的方式使用粉末涂料”产生兴趣。

粉末涂料作为一种饰面选择可以提供很多帮助,因为它能够将耐久性、保护性、美观性和环境效益结合起来。技术的进步消除了对基材热敏性的担忧以及使用该材料的其他挑战,粉末涂料有望在复合材料的应用中发挥越来越大的作用。

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