近日火爆全球的现象级韩剧《鱿鱼游戏》引发了观看热潮,带火了周边产品的销售,也曝光了韩国普遍存在的债务危机。过去几年来,韩国平民负债率不断攀升,贫富差距急剧扩大,许多人都是猝不及防就陷入了债务危机。
SquidGame,whichwasreleasedon17September,isontracktobecomeNetflix’smost-watchedshowever.Photograph:YoungkyuPark/Netflix/AFP
Aftermidnight,whenthecrowdsofrevellershavegone,ChoiYoung-soocrouchesinashabbyalleywayinSeoul’swealthyGangnamdistrict.Thisistheonlytimethatthe35-year-old,apart-timefooddeliveryrider,dareleavehistinyroomatacheaphostelheshareswithabout30otherpeople.
Therooms,hesays,are“onlyslightlybiggerthancoffins”.
他说,房间“只比棺材稍微大一点”。
Inafictionalworld,ChoiwouldnotbeoutofplaceamongthecontestantsonSquidGame,thewildlypopularSouthKoreandystopiandramathatpitstheheavilyindebtedagainsteachotherinamacabre,blood-spatteredraceforanunimaginablylargecashprize.
崔英秀的处境和爆款韩剧《鱿鱼游戏》虚构世界中的那些玩家没什么不同。在这部反乌托邦韩剧中,负债累累的人为了巨额奖金加入了一场互相残杀的血腥游戏。
ButChoi’sdesperatesituationisreal–heisoneofalargeandgrowingnumberofordinarySouthKoreanswhofindthemselveschokedbydebt,inacountrywheretakingoutaloanisaseasyasbuyingacupofcoffee.
但是崔英秀的绝望处境是真实的,他是众多债台高筑的韩国平民中的一员,而且这一人群还在不断扩大。在韩国,借贷就和买杯咖啡一样容易。
"IfeellikeotherpeoplesensethatI’mafailure,soIonlycomeoutatnighttosmokeandwatchthestraycats,”Choisays.
崔英秀说:“我觉得在其他人眼里我就是个失败者,所以我只有夜里才出来抽抽烟,看看野猫。”
SquidGame,whichwasreleasedon17September,isontracktobecomeNetflix’smost-watchedshowever,captivatingviewersaroundtheglobewithitsmixtureofdarkdramaandcommentaryonthefailuresofSouthKorean-stylecapitalism.
9月17日上线的《鱿鱼游戏》有望刷新奈飞的收视纪录,这部揭露韩国式资本主义地狱的暗黑剧俘获了全球各地的观众。
HouseholddebtinSouthKoreahasriseninrecentyearsandisnowequivalenttomorethan100%ofGDP–alevelnotseenelsewhereinAsia.
近年来韩国家庭负债率一直在上升,目前已经超过国内生产总值的100%,这在亚洲其他地区都是没有出现过的。
Indebtednesshasgonehandinhandwithadramaticallywideningincomegap,exacerbatedbyrisingyouthunemploymentandpropertypricesinbigcitiesbeyondthemeansofmostordinaryworkers.
伴随着负债增多,韩国的收入差距也急剧扩大。与此同时,青年失业率的上升和普通劳动者难以企及的大城市房价进一步拉大了贫富差距。
AsSquidGameillustrates,asuddenredundancy,abadinvestmentorsimplyarunofbadluckcanforcepeopletoturntohigh-risklendersjusttokeeptheirheadsabovewater.
正如《鱿鱼游戏》所描述的,一次突如其来的裁员,一项失败的投资,或者仅仅是一连串厄运,都可能迫使人们求助于高利贷以勉强度日。
Theseries’popularityisproofthatthemiseryofcrushingdebtisauniversalexperiencebut,accordingtoLeeIn-cheol,thechiefexecutiveofthethinktankRealGoodEconomicResearchInstitute,itsKoreanbackdropisfarfromcoincidental.
这部韩剧的火爆证明,债台高筑的苦难是普遍存在的。但是,智囊机构真善经济研究所的总裁李寅哲指出,韩国人陷入债务危机绝对不是偶然。
"ThetotalamountofdebtrunupbyordinarySouthKoreansexceedsGDPby5%,”hesays.“Inindividualterms,itmeansthatevenifyousavedeverysinglepennyyouearnedforanentireyear,youwouldstillbeunabletorepayyourdebt.Andthenumberofpeoplewithdebtproblemsisrisingatanexponentialrate.”
他说:“韩国平民的债务总额已经超出了国内生产总值的5%。从个人角度来看,这意味着即使你不吃不喝把一年挣的钱全部省下来,你也无法还清债务。而有债务问题的人口数量正在以指数级速度增长。”
Inresponse,thecountry’sfinancialservicescommissionandfinancialsupervisoryservicerecentlyresolvedtopreventmoreSouthKoreansfromfallingintodebt.“Thatiswhymajorbankshaveactedtocurbborrowing,”Leesaid.“Butisthatreallygoingtohelppeople,especiallyinthemiddleoftheCovid-19pandemic”
为此,韩国金融服务委员会和金融监管服务局最近正致力于防止更多韩国人负债。李寅哲说:“这就是为什么大银行已采取限制贷款的措施。但此举真的能帮助人们吗?尤其是在新冠疫情期间?”
SquidGame,whichwasreleasedon17September,isontracktobecomeNetflix’smost-watchedshowever.Photograph:Netflix/AFP
LikemanyofSquidGame’s456fictionalcontestants,whoareinvitedtoplayKoreanchildren’sgamesandrisktheirlivesintheprocessfora45.6bnwonprize,Choi’splungeintoindebtednesscamewithalarmingspeed.
《鱿鱼游戏》中456名虚构的玩家受邀来玩韩国儿童游戏,冒着生命危险争夺456亿韩元(约合人民币2.5亿元)的大奖。同这些玩家一样,崔英秀陷入负债也是猝不及防的。
Justtwoyearsago,hewasworkingasanITengineerforafirminPangyo–SouthKorea’sanswertoSiliconValley.Yearsofpunishingovertimeandlatenightstookatollonhishealth.Afterlengthydiscussionsandayearspentplanningandsaving,heandhiswifedecidedtoopenapubintheirhometown,Incheon.
Itwasadecisiontheywouldregret,despitetheirmodestambitions.“Weweren’thopingtobecomemillionaires,”hesays.“Wewouldhavebeensatisfiedwithearningthesameasbefore.AllIreallywantedwasmoresleep…evenanextrahouraday.”
尽管他们要的不多,但这是一个会让他们后悔的决定。崔英秀说:“我们不指望成为百万富翁。我们只要挣得和以前一样多就满足了。我真正想要的是多睡一会儿,哪怕一天多睡一个小时也好。”
Afteranencouragingstart,theirbusinessfellvictimtothecoronaviruspandemic.Afterbarsandrestaurantswereorderedtocloseasearlyas9pmtopreventthevirusfromspreading,thenumberofcustomersreducedtoatrickle,thendriedupaltogether.
生意一开始不错,但很快就受到了新冠疫情的打击。为了防止病毒传播,酒吧和餐厅被要求在晚上9点前关门,客源自此锐减,后来几乎没有了。
"Sometimeswedidn’thaveasinglecustomer,”Choisays.“Itwasjustthetwoofus,playingloudmusictocheerourselvesup,eventhoughweknewthatwouldmeanhigherelectricitybills.Butwecouldn’tswitchitoff.”
崔英秀说:“有时候我们一个客人也没有。酒馆里只有我们两个人,把音乐开得震天响,就为了让自己好过一点,尽管我们知道这样做会增加电费。但是我们就是没法关掉音乐。”
Afterfailingtopaytheirrentforfourmonths,thecoupleknewtheyweretestingtheirlandlord’spatienceandsoughthelp.Securingabankloanwassurprisinglyeasy,buttheywereshockedtofindtheinterestwasasteep4%.
在拖欠店铺租金四个月后,这对夫妇知道房东也等不起了,于是就向银行寻求帮助。没想到贷款非常容易,但是他们震惊地发现利率高达4%。
WithinmonthstheyhadtakenoutloansfromallfiveofSouthKorea’shigh-streetbanks,usingtheirhomeascollateral.Inevitably,theyhadtoborrowmoretopayoffexistingloans,joininglongqueuesoftroubledbusinessownerseagertosecurecashfromcommerciallendersatinterestofmorethan17%.
几个月内,他们就用自己的房产做抵押借遍了全部五家韩国高街银行。为了偿还现有的贷款,他们不可避免地要向银行借更多钱,最后他们跟其他深陷困境的企业主一样,排队申请利率超过17%的高息商业贷款。
"Bythen,Inolongercaredabouthowhightheinterestrateswere,”Choisays.“IwasgettingsomanycallsandtextmessagesdemandingthatIrepaymyloans.Ittookoverourlives.Mywifesaidsheevenheardmemutteringaboutinterestratesinmysleep.”
Inadesperateattempttopullthemselvesoutoftheirdownwardspiral,Choi’swifefoundajobatarestaurantinanotherpartofthecountry,andthecoupleaskedhisparentstolookaftertheirtwoyoungchildren.
绝望中,为了摆脱这一恶性循环,崔英秀的妻子在韩国另一个地方找到了一份餐厅的工作,夫妇二人还拜托男方父母帮忙照顾两个小孩。
ChoisayshehasheardalotaboutSquidGame,butisunabletobecomepartoftheglobalfrenzythathashelpedthenine-episodeshowamasstensofmillionsofviewers.
崔英秀说,他经常听说《鱿鱼游戏》这部剧,但是无法成为全球追剧大军中的一员。这部9集韩剧已经吸引了数千万观众。
"YouhavetopaytowatchitandIdon’tknowanyonewhowillletmeusetheirNetflixaccount,”hesays.“Inanycase,whywouldIwanttowatchabunchofpeoplewithhugedebtsIcanjustlookinthemirror.”
崔英秀说:“这部剧必须付钱才能观看,我也不认识能让我借用奈飞账户的人。再说了,我干嘛要看一堆负债累累的人?我自己照照镜子就好了啊。”