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2018.07.15
专题1语法填空（一）——词类复习
方法与知识
名词
命题规律
名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。名词的考查强调语言的情景化，重点考查在特定语境、真实语境中的准确辨析、选择和运用名词的能力。名词短语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。
另外，在熟练掌握名词的基本意义和用法的同时，要特别留意某些名词的基本意义之外的引申、拓展和熟词生义的用法。
名词的考点归纳：
(1)抽象名词具体化：beauty美、美丽（不可数名词）abeauty美人、美丽的东西（可数名词）；experience经验（不可数名词）anexperience一次经历（可数名词）；surprise吃惊、惊奇（不可数名词）asurprise令人吃惊的人或事（可数名词）；honor荣誉、信誉（不可数名词）anhonor一种光荣的人或事（可数名词）；failure失败（不可数名词）afailure/failures失败的人或事（可数名词）等等。
(2)名词短语的固定的搭配：have/gainaccessto接近，到达；take…intoconsideration考虑；takeadvantageof利用；inconsequenceof由于……的缘故；putintoeffect实行，生效等等。
【考例分析】
1.“Learnthroughuse”isagoodpieceof________(advise)forthosewhoarestudyinganewlanguage.
【答案与解析】advice一条建议，此处应用名词形式。
2.I''llstopandtakeadeep____.
【答案与解析】考查名词。takeadeepbreath深呼吸，喘口气。
【答案与解析】shortage考查名词。根据句意：为贫穷的因水资源短缺而争斗的阿拉伯国家或非洲国家节约水，此处应填写short的名词形式，故正确词语是shortage。
4.Withthe____________(develop)ofindustry,airpollutionisgettingmoreandmoreserious.
【答案与解析】随着工业的发展，空气污染变得越来越严重。考查名词：发展：development
5.Airpollutioniscausedbythefollowing3_________:abouthalfoftheproblemiscausedbyvehicles.
【答案与解析】空气污染是由下面的原因造成的。考查名词“原因”reasons
6.Ifeverybodyrealizesthe___________(important)ofenvironmentanddoessomethingtostoppollution,theproblemwillbesolved.
【答案与解析】如果每个人都注意到环境的重要性。考查名词“重要性”：importance
【方法总结】1.介词和动词后面可能缺宾语，这时填名词；2.考查含有名词的固定短语；3.句子缺主语时也可能填名词作主语；4.冠词后面可能填名词；5一定要注意名词的单复数形式。
代词
一、代词是每年必考，贯穿于各个试题类型的一个基本知识。考纲要求在广泛掌握代词基础知识的前提下，强调在具体语境中理解和使用代词。
三、平时要多做练习，能够提高熟悉语境的能力，很多考题是要和语境相联系起来考查的，这方面一定要重视。
代词高考常考点
（1）人称代词：人称代词作主语一般用主格形式，做宾语用宾格形式，作表语用主格形式，做定语用所有格形式。反身代词一般做表语、同位语和宾语，作宾语的前提是宾语和主语一致。特别注意：①人称代词用作表语时，如说明主语，一般要用主格，如说明宾语则要用宾格。②在简单的答语中多用宾格形式替代主格形式。
（2）反身代词：反身代词在句中可以作enjoy,teach,hurt,buy,introduce等动词和by,for,to等介词的宾语，还可以作主语或宾语的同位语，可译作“亲自，本人”，但不能作主语。
（5）代词it(they),one(ones)和that(those)的用法：①代词one和it都可以代替上文中提到的可数名词，但one指代的是与上文中提到的同类物（复数用ones,主格和宾格相同）；而it指代的是上文提到的同一物品（
复数用they（主格）和them（宾格）。②one(ones)和that(those)这几个代词都可以代替上文中提到的名词，但使用时应注意：替代不可数名词时用that,或者省略不用名词，或者重复那个名词，但不可用one来代替。替代单数可数名词时用one和that均可，但泛指用one(相当于a/an+名词）；特指时用that（相当于the+名词）。one(ones)可以有形容词等前置修饰语，也可以有后置修饰语（of短语除外）；而that(those)不能有前置修饰语，它（们）的修饰语只能后置。后跟of短语时，一般只能用that(those)。
【例1】Janewaswalkingroundthedepartmentstore.Sherememberedhowdifficult______wastochooseasuitableChristmaspresentforherfather.
【解析】it作宾语从句主语，替代动词不定式短语toch
oose……。
【例2】Shedidnothesitateforlong:althoughherfathersmokedapipeonlyonceinawhile,sheknewthatthiswasapresentwhichwasboundtoplease______.
【解析】himpleasehim(使他高兴)，填代词；根据句意，此处指代herfather。
【例3】Heaskedhisteacher,“Sir,thewaterwasawful.Whydidyoupretendtolike______”
【方法总结】句子缺主语或宾语，空格后没有提示词，填词多为代词。
形容词和副词
形容词与副词主要考查以下几个方面：考查形容词作状语；考查比较级的用法尤其是隐性比较；考查一些习语搭配；与形容词同形的副词和形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别；多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序等。
另外，在熟练掌握形容词与副词的基本意义和用法的同时，要特别留意一些形容词与副词的基本意义之外的引申、拓展和熟词生义的用法。
形容词与副词基本用法：
（1）形容词和副词的辨析
形容词和副词的辨析主要分为两类：一类是给出语境，让学生填出符合这种语境的形容词或副词；另一类是形容词或副词的词形变化。近三年常考的有：
形容词：appropriate；conscious；generous；reasonable；confident；creative；grateful；important；spare；public；convenient；apparent；unchallenged；vital；available；specific；similar；available；affordable；acceptable；valuable
副词：①hopefully；curiously；occasionally；gradually②thus；besides；rather；otherwise③competitively；recently；reasonably④besides；however；therefore；instead⑤besides；otherwise；however；altogether⑥especially；equally；naturally；normally⑦nevertheless；besides；otherwise；therefore⑧especially；regularly；particularly；approximately
比较等级的常见句型：①两者比较，用“比较级＋than”表示。②表示“两者之间较……的那个”用“the＋比较级＋n.＋ofthetwo＋n.”。③表示“越……，就越……”用“the＋比较级，the＋
比较级”。④as＋原级adj./adv.＋as...表示“和……一样”。⑤notas/so＋原级adj./adv.＋as...表示“不如……”
比较等级前常用的修饰语：alittle,abit,slightly，much,alot,agreatdeal,any,far,byfar,even,still等。
否定词＋比较级＝最高级：“否定词＋比较级”表达最高级含义。
【例1】Theteacherreplied,“Youtastedthewater.Itastedthegift.Thewaterwassimplythecontainerforanactofkindnessandlove.Nothingcouldbe______(sweet).”
【解析】sweeter句意是“什么也不会比这更甜”=这是世界上最甜的东西。
【例2】IleftitearlybecauseIhadanappointment______(late)thatday.
【解析】later指那天晚些时候。
【例3】Itmighthavemadeitalittle______(hard)foreverybodybecauseitmeanttheyhadtoturnaround,butthatdidn’tstopthekidsintheclass.
【解析】harder句中alittle修饰比较级harder，表示“更难一点”作宾补。
【方法总结】当括号内所提示的词是形容词或副词且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，很可能填比较级和最高级。
介词及介词短语
一、对介词句法功能的考查：介词构成的短语，可以在句子中充当定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语等；介词有时在句子中活用为副词，充当状语。
二、对常用介词的辨析：介词用法多且复杂，相近的意思又可以有不同的介词表示，介词更着重与动词、形容词和其他从句结合在一起进行考查，所以要根据语境和交际条件灵活运用介词；同时对常用的介词要重点进行区别整理。
三、对介词短语搭配的考查：介词常和某些形容词、动词和名词联合运用，形成固定搭配，表示各种不同的意思，只要记住这些固定搭配，准确把握词组的语义。
介词与介词短语高考常考点：
（1）常见介词的活用
by，with，against，ov
、船等)；不迟于；到……为止；被，由；根据，按照(关系)；通
（2）介词短语的主要类型
高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用：①介词+名词：onthecontrary相反；inturn依次；inone’sopinion根据某人的看法；indetail详细地；outofreach够不着；beyonddescription难以描述地；outofquestion不成问题；outofthequestion不可能。②动词+介词：remindsb.ofsth.提醒某人某事；robsb.ofsth.抢劫某人的……；resultfrom由……引起；callat访问(某地)。③形容词+介词：becuriousabout对……好奇；beproudof因……而自豪；bepopularwith受到……的欢迎；beabsorbedin全神贯注于；beenthusiasticabout热衷于。④介词短语：apartfrom除……之外；inadditionto除……之外(还)；becauseof因为；insteadof代替；infearof为……提心吊胆；forfearof以免；incaseof防备；thanksto由于；inthemiddleof在……中间；accordingto根据；infrontof在……前面；inreturnfor作为对……的回报；inchargeof负责；asaresultof作为……的结果；inexchangefor与……交换等
【例1】Whenthetimecameformetosaygoodbyetomyfriendsinthevillage,Iwantedtorewardtheoldwoman______thetrouble.
【解析】forrewardsb.forsth.表示“因……而酬谢/报答某人”。
【解析】after/fromA.用介词after表示“在……之后”；B.betiredfromdoingsth.为“因做某事而累”。
【例3】WhenJanegothome,withhersmallbutwell-chosenpresentinherbag,herparentswerealready______tablehavingsupper.
【解析】atattable表示“在进餐”，是习惯搭配。
【方法总结】当“……（+限定词）+名词”或“……+代词/doing/从句”在句中不做主语或宾语时，通常填介词。
体验高考
1.【2017·新课标I】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Therehasbeenarecenttrendinthefoodserviceindustrytowardlowerfatcontentandlesssalt.Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity（医学界）61amethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedside62(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.
Fatandsaltareveryimportantpartsofadiet.Theyarerequired63(process)thefoodthatweeat,torecoverfrominjuryandforseveralotherbodilyfunctions.Whenfatandsalt64(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifismissingsomething.As65result,peoplewilleatmorefoodtotrytomakeupforthatsomethingmissing.Even66(bad),theamountoffastfoodthatpeopleeatgoesup.Fastfood67(be)fulloffatandsalt;by68(eat)morefastfoodpeoplewillgetmoresaltandfatthantheyneedintheirdiet.
Havingenoughfatandsaltinyourmealswillre
ducetheurgetosnack(吃点心)betweenmealsandwillimprovethetasteofyourfood.However,be69(care)nottogotoextremes.Likeanything,itispossibletohavetoomuchofboth,70isnotgoodforthehealth.
2.【2017·新课标II】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterrible__61__(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoand___62__word.Ittookthreeyearstocompleteandwasbuiltusinganinterestingmethod.Thisincludeddigginguptheroad,____63___(lay)thetrackandthenbuildingastrongroofover___64___top.Whenallthosehadbeendone,theroadsurfacewasreplaced.
Steamengines___65__(use)topullthecarriagesanditmusthavebeen___66__(fair)unpleasantforthepassengers,withallthesmokeandnoise.However,therailwayquicklyprovedtobeagreatsuccessandwithinsixmonths,morethan25,000peoplewereusing___67__everyday.
Later,engineers____68___(manage)toconstructrailwaysinasystemofdeeptunnels(隧道）,whichbecameknowntothetube.Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe___69___(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.ThecentralLondonRailwaywasoneofthemost___70___(success)ofthesenewlines,andwasopenedin1900.Ithadwhite-paintedtunnelsandbrightredcarriages,andprovedextremelypopularwiththepublic.
3.[2016·全国卷Ⅰ]阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。
Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia''s
biggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop1.________(attract).
Soitwasagreathonourtobeinvitedbackstageatthenot-for-profitPandaBase,whereticketmoneyhelpspayforresearch.I2.________(allow)togetupcloseto
thesecuteanimalsatthe600-acrecentre.Fromtomorrow,IwillbetheirUKambassador.Thetitlewillbe3.________(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.Butmyconnectionwithpandasgoesback4.________mydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,5.________IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter6.________(permit)tofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.Myambassadorialdutieswillinclude7.________(introduce)Britishvisitorstothe120-pluspandasatChengduandothersataresearchcentreinthemistymountainsofBifengxia.
Onmyrecentvisit,Iheldalivelythree-month-oldtwinthathadbeenrejectedby8.________(it)mother.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew9.________(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle-fed,10.________otheriswithMum—sheneversuspects.
4.[2016·全国卷Ⅱ]
Ifyoufeelstressedbyresponsibilitiesatwork,youshouldtakeastepbackandidentify(识别)thoseof1.________(great)andlessimportance.Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou''llfeelarealsenseof2.________(achieve).Leavingthelessimportantthingsuntiltomorrow3.________(be)oftenacceptable.
Mostofusaremorefocused4.________ourtasksinthemorningthanwearelaterintheday.So,getanearlystartandtrytobeasproductive5.________possiblebeforelunch.Thiswillgiveyoutheconfidenceyounee
dtogetyouthroughtheafternoonandgohomefeelingaccomplished.
Recent6.________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaks7.________(regular).Giveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsidefor8.________while,exercising,ordoingsomethingyouenjoy.
Ifyoufindsomethingyoulovedoingoutsideoftheoffice,you''llbelesslikely9.________(bring)yourworkhome.Itcouldbeanything—gardening,cooking,music,sports—butwhateveritis,10.________(make)sureit''sarelieffromdailystressratherthananotherthingtoworryabout.
1.【四川省德阳市2018届高三一诊】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
TigerParentsDoNoGoodtoKids’Development
Diggingthroughkids’schoolbags,lookingupalltheassignments,sittingbesidethemgoingthrougheachitem,andfinally______41______(have)allthehomeworkcheckedwithanamesignedisa______42______(day)routineformostChineseparents,asrequiredbyteachers.Ademandingtaskespeciallyafteralongday’sworkatoffice,isn’tit___43___(luck),someparentsinJinhua,ZhejiangProvince,havebeenliberated.Alocalprimaryschoolhasrecentlyannouncedthatparentswillnolongerhavetosigntheirnamesontheirkids’homework,asstudentsshouldberesponsible____44____theirownassignments.
Makingmistakesis_____45_____essentialpartoftheprocessofunderstanding.Whocareshowmuchyou___46___(score)inyourhomeworkafteryouhavesettleddowninlifeandfoundyourdirectionsThe_____47_____(able)torealizeone’smistakesandlearnfromth
emiswhatmatters,whichisalsothemainpurposeofeducation.Whynotgivestudentsachance____48____(find)outandcorrecttheirmistakesthemselves
Itisbyno_____49_____(mean)parents’dutytogothroughthekids’assignments.____50____parentsaresupposedtodoistocreateafriendlystudyingenvironmentforkids,andteachthemtobeanindependentlearner.Afterall,independentlearningismuchmoreimportantthanhighscores.
2.【福建省百所重点校2018届高三年上学期联合考试】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
“TheonlyfemalegiantpandainBritain____41____(believe)tobepregnant,”EdinburghZoosaidThursday.Thezoosaid,“TianTianisbeing____42____(close)monitored,butit’sunclear____43____shewillgivebirth.It’shardtopredictexactlyandthepandabreeding(繁殖)seasoncanlastuntillateSeptember.”
TianTianandmalepandaYangGuang,whoareboth14,___44___(arrive)inEdinburghonadecade-longloanfromChinain2011andare____45____onlygiantpandasinBritain.TianTian,orSweetie,hasbeenpregnantseveral___46___(time)beforeintheU.K.buthasnevergivenbirth.
Giantpandashavedifficultybreedingandtheirpregnanciesareverydifficult____47____(follow).Theanimalsalsoexperience“pseudo-pregnancies(伪怀孕)”,during____48____theirbehaviorandhormonal(生理的)changesindicatetheyarepregnantevenwhentheyarenot.
Thezoo’sstatementcameaftertheEdinburghEveningN
evususedtheFreedomofInformationActtoobtaincommunicationbetweenthezooandScottishgovernment____49____(show)thatTianTianhadbeenartificiallyinseminatedandcouldgivebirthasearlyasthisweek.InaJuly25email,IainValentine,panda____50____(direct)attheRoyalZoologicalSocietyofScotland,saidhethoughtTianTianwasabout30daysawayfromgivingbirth.
3.【广东省化州市2018届高三上学期第二次高考模拟】阅读下面材料，在空白处填写1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Fakenewshaslongbeen___41___seriousproblem,andso
cialmedia___42___(blame)forallowingfakenewsstoriestospread.UStech___43___(company)FacebookandGooglehavebeenusing___44___(analyze)technologytofact-checkstoriesandaddlabels___45___dubious(可疑的)onestowarntheirreaders.
Butrecentlyasurvey___46___(find)thatasmanyas60percentofpeopleintheUSstillthinkthatnotenoughisbeingdone___47___(keep)internetusersawayfromfakenews.AccordingtoEricCarvin,socialmediaeditorattheAssociatedPress,___48___(fight)fakenewsislike“whack-a-mole(打地鼠游戏)”,shesaid,___49___meansthatfornow,we’lljusthavetorelyon___50___(we)commonsensetodecidewhat’srealandwhatisn’t.
4.【安徽省皖南八校2018届高三上学期第一次联考】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Teaisoneofthemostpopular____41____(drink)intheworld.Youmakeitbypouringhotwateroverthe___42___(dry)leavesofateaplant.Forcenturiespeoplebelievedthatteacouldcureillnesses,andtheyuseditasmedicine.Todayscientistsknowthatteacontainschemicalsthatpreventcellsfrom____43____(die).Mostteashavecaffeineinthem,asubstancethatmakesyoufeelmoreactive.Somepeoplehaveproblemsdrinkingteabecauseitcancause___44___(sleepless).
Theteaplantgrowsbestintropicalandtemperateplaces___45___rainfallsthroughouttheyear.Teascanbegrownfromsealevel___46___about2,000metres,butthebestqualitygrowsinhigherregions.
Tea___47___(come)fromtheleavesandbudsofteaplants.Wildplantscanbeupto9metreshighbutonteaplantations(茶园)they___48___(cut)backtoabushofaboutametreinheightsothatworkerscanpulltheleaves___49___(easy).Ittakesaplantthreetofiveyearsbeforeitisreadyforplucking(采摘).
Apluckercanharvestabout20kgofteaaday.onlargeteaplantationstheleavesareharvestedbymachines,___50___thequalityofteaishigherwhentheleavesarepluckedbyhand.
5.【“江淮十校”2018届高三联考】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Mr.Perkinsstoodatthebusstopandwatchedthecarsgoby.ManyofthecarswerenewBeta400s,andmostof___41___wereyellow.Mr.Perkinsalways___42___(wear)thesameclothesasothermen,atethesamefoodasotherpeople,anddidthesamethingsafterworkandattheendoftheweek.Mr.Perkinsdidnotliketobe___43___(differ).Thefollowingweek,Mr.Perkinsboughtanew,brightyellowBeta400.Hewassatisfied___44___it,anddroveittoworkintheverynextday.HewasveryhappywhenhesawalltheotherBeta400sinfront,behind,andonboth___45___(side)ofhim.Mr.Perkinsparkedhiscarinabigparkinglotnearhisoffice
,andworkedtherestoftheday.Butwhenhecamebackat
fiveo''clock,therewere___46___manybrightyellowBeta400sinthecar-parkthathedidnotknow___47___washiscar.Hetriedhiskeyinsomeofthecars,butpeople___48___(pass)bygavehimalookhedidn''tlike.Sohestopped.PoorMr.Perkinshardtowait___49___(patience)untilhiscarwastheonlyonethat___50___(leave)intheparkinglot.