onomatopoeicmotivation拟声理据,morphologicalmotivation形态理据,semanticmotivation语义理据,etymologicalmotivation词源理据.
2.Typesofmeaning:
grammatical~&lexical~;conceptual~&associative~(connotative~,stylistic~,affective~,collocative~,)
Associativemeaning:1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.2)Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.
3.Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhastwoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowawordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthecourseoftime.
4.同形同音异义关系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfrom
another,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththeotherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:perfecthomonyms(samename);homographs(samespelling)andhomophones（somesound）.Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/(n)alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/(v)toputupwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.saw//(v)toscatterseeds;sow/sau/(n)femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/(n)alovedperson;
deer/dia/(n)akindofanimal.
5.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别
Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck(See6.1Polysemy).Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.
6.同义关系
Synonymsarewordswhichsharethesameornearlythesamemeaningwitheachotherbutdifferentinsoundandspelling.Thereareabsolutesynonymsandrelativesynonymswhichresultfromborrowing,dialectsandregionalEnglish,figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords,coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.Thereexiststhedifferencebetweenoramongsynonymsintermsoftheirdenotation,connotationorapplication.Absolutesynonymsorcompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.Relativesynonymsornear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.SourcesofSynonyms
1)Borrowing2)DialectsandregionalEnglish3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions