2024年,华尔街“最失意”的老牌车企车家号发现车生活

在华尔街股市上,Stellantis已经成为今年“最失意”的老牌传统汽车制造商。

11月20日,Stellantis的股价在纽约证券交易所收盘报12.85美元,今年以来已下跌超过40%,是华尔街资本市场上股价跌幅最大、表现最糟糕的老牌传统汽车制造商。

作为拥有14个品牌的全球第四大汽车巨头,Stellantis在2024年可谓“内外交困”,各大市场“失守”、市场份额萎缩、高管团队“洗牌”、CEO计划退休、电动汽车赛道竞争激烈……Stellantis陷入了巨大的困境。

最新的数据显示,2024年第三季度,Stellantis在全球的汽车出货量(不包括合资企业)同比下滑20%至114.8万辆;净营收同比下滑27%至330亿欧元,不及分析师预期的359亿欧元。

更令人担忧的是,Stellantis重申将2024年调整后营业利润率预期下调至5.5%-7.0%,远低于此前的“双位数”目标,自由现金流预期甚至从“正值”调整为“负50亿至负100亿”欧元。

销量下滑、利润预期缩水,Stellantis正经历一场前所未有的危机。

失意的北美市场

今年第三季度,Stellantis在全球的汽车出货量大幅下滑,并且在各大主要市场几乎“全线失守”,尤其是在关键的北美市场和美国市场。

根据AutomotiveNewsResearch&DataCenter汇编的数据,Stellantis第三季度在美国的销量同比下滑20%,已经连续五个季度下滑,销量是自2021年菲亚特克莱斯勒与PSA集团合并以来的最低水平。其中,除菲亚特外,其余六个品牌的销量均有所下滑,而Jeep的销量连续两个季度下滑,Ram的销量连续三个季度下滑。

研究机构考克斯汽车的数据显示,今年1至9月,Stellantis在美国的市场份额可能从一年前的9.8%降至8.3%。在美国新车销量排行榜上,Stellantis的排名跌至第六位,落后于现代和本田。

那么,到底是什么原因让Stellantis的“摇钱树”陷入了危机?

究其缘由,是Stellantis持续数年的“高定价策略”。

2021年,菲亚特克莱斯勒和PSA集团合并成立了Stellantis,随后在美国市场启动了一系列大幅提价的策略。然而,这一策略在后疫情时代逐渐显露弊端。

新冠疫情期间,全球汽车市场经历了芯片短缺和供应链危机等一系列挑战,供需失衡推动消费者愿意支付更高价格购车,包括Stellantis在内的汽车制造商纷纷提价。

然而,随着供应限制的缓解和生产恢复正常,市场环境发生了巨大变化,Stellantis却认为其品牌价值足以让消费者持续支付溢价,因此固守“高定价策略”,拒绝下调车辆售价。

根据购车平台CoPilot提供的数据,Stellantis在2019年至2024年期间将在美国的价格提高了50%,而同期通货膨胀率的增长幅度为23%。业内人士认为,Stellantis的定价策略“脱离市场现实”。

在这些因素的共同作用下,Stellantis的高溢价策略难以为继。

Stellantis的高定价策略不仅令消费者不满,也让经销商感到压力倍增。

Stellantis美国经销商VolzAutoGroup(旗下有两家Stellantis经销商)的老板KennVolz以售价10万美元的JeepGrandWagoneer为例,直言:“除了银行家和曼哈顿人,有多少人能买得起10万美元的SUV?普通工薪阶层根本买不起。”他补充道:“Stellantis的车确实质量过硬,但价格已经超出多数消费者的承受能力。”

过高的定价策略直接限制了Stellantis的市场覆盖面。分析指出,美国高端汽车市场规模有限,仅能吸引一小部分高净值人群,反而忽略了更广泛的中端消费者群体。

分析师DanielRoeska指出:“Stellantis过于自信其定价能力,从而将其客户拱手让给了价格更低的竞争对手。”

更糟糕的是,高定价策略还带来了库存积压危机。

根据CoPilot提供的数据,Ram1500皮卡的经销商库存供应天数为131天,比竞品雪佛兰Silverado高出41天;JeepWagoneer库存的供应天数为137天,比竞品福特Expedition高出22天;其余车型的库存情况也令人堪忧。

市场需求与库存供给的错配再次验证了Stellantis策略的不合理性。

Stellantis的问题远不止于“高定价策略”

面对在北美市场的困境,作为Stellantis“掌舵人”的唐唯实(CarlosTavares)也反思了其领导策略,并坦承自己“过于傲慢”,没有发现Stellantis在北美市场同时犯下的三个错误——库存清理进展缓慢、生产问题频发、缺乏“成熟的市场营销方式”——最终导致该公司在美国的销量出现了两位数下滑。

但业内专家和经销商指出,Stellantis的问题远不止于此,Stellantis在产品布局和品牌管理方面的短板也进一步加剧了其困境。

此外,Jeep、Ram、道奇和克莱斯勒的车型数量较少,却拥有独立的营销、品牌和设计团队,这不仅提高了运营成本,也使资源分散化问题日益严重。

在唐唯实严格的成本控制和盈利导向策略的推动下,Stellantis在短期内获得了丰厚的回报,营业利润率在2022年和2023年成功突破12%(此前连续数年不足7%)。但随着市场环境的变化,这种策略的弊端逐渐显现。

Stellantis过于依赖“高定价”的盈利模式已难以为继,预计2024年营业利润率将跌至5.5%-7%的区间,跌回四年前的水平。

Stellantis全国经销商委员会主席KevinFarrish也公开批评唐唯实过于专注短期利润,忽视了品牌的长期发展。他指出,过度追求短期收益导致Jeep、Ram、道奇和克莱斯勒品牌的市场竞争力快速下滑,并将问题的根源归咎于唐唯实的领导决策。

Stellantis当前的问题并非单一因素造成,而是多年来定价策略、产品布局和品牌管理不当的综合结果。虽然唐唯实的策略在成本控制和短期利润上有所建树,但从长期来看,难以从根本上解决问题,从而导致消费者逐渐转向竞争对手。

显然,Stellantis在北美市场的品牌战略亟需调整。从优化车型结构到整合品牌资源,再到平衡短期利润与长期发展,Stellantis需要一场全面的变革,以摆脱当前的困境。

为应对危机,唐唯实近期宣布对Stellantis的管理结构进行了大刀阔斧的改革,其中包括任命DougOstermann为首席财务官,AntonioFilosa为北美首席运营官兼Jeep品牌首席执行官。

与此同时,Stellantis还宣布唐唯实将于2026年合同到期后退休,并计划在2025年第四季度之前任命他的继任者。

谈及退休原因,唐唯实在巴黎车展上表示,“出于个人原因”,他没有寻求连任。他还在参观标致工厂时说道:“2026年,坐在你面前的这个人(我)已经68岁了——是时候该退休了。”

Stellantis的洗牌能解决问题吗?

Stellantis管理层的洗牌是否能够真正扭转公司困境?

伯恩斯坦分析师DanielRoeska直言:“投资者会强烈质疑管理层的突然变动将如何转化为实质性的解决方案,使公司重回正轨。”

花旗分析师HaraldHendrikse则在报告中表示:“虽然近期的举措缓解了美国市场的库存压力,2025年的新车型或许能够稳定销量,但Stellantis依然缺乏明确的长期战略。”

Stellantis暂时无法给市场提供一份长期战略蓝图。

另一方面,汽车行业正经历百年难遇的重大变革——汽车新四化,叠加政策调整、贸易壁垒、经济不确定性等多重因素,使战略规划面临前所未有的复杂性。

因此,也不难理解为何Stellantis暂时无法给出更清晰的长期战略。

但是,面对内部和外部的双重压力,唐唯实不得不给出一些解决方案来安抚市场。

他表示,Stellantis美国市场的库存过剩问题将在2024年圣诞节前得到全面解决,他直言:“这本质上是一个库存管理的问题,我们有信心在年底前彻底处理好。”

Stellantis新上任的首席财务官DougOstermann随后也在第三季度财报会上透露,Stellantis第三季度在美国削减了5万辆汽车库存,10月份又削减了3万辆,目标是到今年年底削减10万辆库存。他预计这一目标将在11月底前实现。

与此同时,唐唯实并未回避结构性调整的可能性。

他表示,Stellantis可能会采取裁员、关闭工厂甚至剥离品牌的举措,以应对中国竞争对手带来的激烈竞争压力、需求疲软以及成本上升的挑战。

对于品牌剥离,他透露,该公司预计将在未来两到三年内重新评估旗下14个品牌的表现,并决定是否精简品牌投资组合。他强调,品牌的去留将取决于市场需求和客户反馈。

在美国市场,Stellantis目前拥有Jeep、Ram、道奇和克莱斯勒四个独立品牌,各自独立运营,协作有限,且部分品牌的市场定位和受众存在重叠。例如,道奇和克莱斯勒的差异化程度较低,难以吸引不同的消费者,这可能会导致资源分散或定位模糊。

未来,Stellantis需要仔细考量每个品牌的独特性和市场需求。如果某些品牌表现疲弱或市场吸引力不足,可能需要通过缩减规模,重新定位,甚至剥离的方式进行调整。

在品牌表现方面,Jeep和Ram在越野车和皮卡领域的表现相对出色。Jeep拥有较高的全球知名度和市场竞争力,而Ram的全尺寸皮卡销量也较为稳定。然而,道奇和克莱斯勒是相对弱势的品牌,面临更大的挑战。道奇近年来缺乏创新车型,市场份额逐渐缩小;克莱斯勒的产品线则大幅萎缩,仅剩几款车型,品牌活力和市场吸引力远逊于竞争对手。

针对这些问题,Stellantis可能会选择保留所有品牌,但通过共享研发平台和资源,加强电动化、生产和营销等方面的协同效应来优化运营,同时进一步明确品牌定位,让各品牌专注于特定市场。

不过,Stellantis也可能会剥离或合并部分品牌。Stellantis可能会剥离表现较弱的品牌(例如克莱斯勒),通过出售来减少亏损,或者通过合并定位重叠的品牌,如道奇和克莱斯勒,来减少运营复杂性和成本。

在极端情况下,如果Stellantis认为某些品牌不符合集团长期战略,也可能将其完全拆分,独立运营或出售给其他车企。不过由于拆分通常会伴随巨大的经济和品牌损失,这一举措风险较大。

考虑到唐唯实将于2026年春季退休,Stellantis旗下14个品牌的最终去留问题很可能落在他的继任者身上。

当前,Stellantis也意识到,投资者的信心恢复显然需要更为具体的行动和成果。唐唯实表示,计划在圣诞节前向投资者公布最新进展,以提供更多明确信息。

盖世汽车分析师指出,无论是产品优化、品牌精简,还是电动化转型,Stellantis都需要明确能够支撑其长期增长的未来路径,以赢得投资者和消费者的信任。

唐唯实能否彻底扭转Stellantis的颓势,仍是一个未知数。

结语:Stellantis是汽车行业“达尔文时期”的缩影

当前,不仅仅是Stellantis,全球各地的汽车公司都在“苦苦挣扎”。

大众汽车集团深陷“降薪、裁员和关厂”的困局,宝马和奔驰在中国市场“频频失利”,丰田、本田和日产在全球的产销下滑,福特深陷电动汽车“巨亏泥潭”……今年,汽车行业的“失意人”并不少。

在这场浩浩荡荡的危机中,几乎所有的汽车制造商都遭遇了“风暴”,唐唯实甚至认为汽车行业进入了“达尔文时期”——物竞天择,适者生存。

Stellantis在困局中挣扎求存,或许不仅是汽车行业“达尔文时期”的缩影,更是传统车企如何在巨变中寻找生存之道的典型案例。

在这个“达尔文时期”,唯有快速适应和明确方向,才能在激烈的竞争中生存下去。

THE END
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