姓名:陈小宁职业:教师年龄:999位置:美国个性介绍:爱好颇多,朋友多多
汽车的前灯
开车的人都知道,在汽车的所有灯光中,虽然后灯是带有刹车灯的部分,很重要。但是,汽车的前灯也非常重要,因为它要给驾驶员指明方向,并给旁边的车一些必要的指示,特别是在黑暗中,更是驾驶员安全驾车的一种保障。
汽车主要的前灯有三个:近光灯、远光灯和转向灯。前两个是为了在黑暗中照路,后者则是为告诉旁边的车我要转弯了。在使用Tesla的自动驾驶时,黑暗中它会自动调整远光灯和近光灯,在没有近距离前车或对面有车的情况下,远光灯会自动打开,为的是照得更远、更宽,自动驾驶处在更加高的有效范围内。而在绝大多数情况下由近光灯掌控汽车前进。
早先的车还有一个必备的灯,雾灯,目的是为了在迷雾的恶劣天气下能指示车的存在,给对面或附近的车做指示用,因为黄颜色的穿透力最强,这与交通灯里黄灯作为警告的作用相同。
特殊的车还会有特殊的灯存在,比如国产212吉普车和一些军用卡车,它的右前方会有一个小小的像雨棚一样的灯,名曰防空灯,里面左右还有两个箭头,为对面的车作为警示,但这是个盖子,也可以打开作为照明灯用。如今现代的防空灯更有效,使用半导体代替过去的灯丝。
半导体技术提高了电能利用效率,因此许多大型车和摩托车使用了大量装饰灯,远远看去就像一列彩车,气势磅礴,走近一看不过是一辆单车,就连车底下都亮着单色或变色的灯,照亮着完全没有必要看的地方和内容。而且,只有在夜间才有它能显示出来的个性,看众除了不得已外出的,就剩下同样愿意行夜路的了。
老式车灯光控制复杂,每种灯都有独立开关。例如公交车,司机面前常有十多个开关,分别控制灯光和车门。过去的拉伸式开关操作繁琐,容易失误。后来改为按键式,操作简化。如今,大多采用旋转或拨动式开关,杜绝误操作。而高端车型则进一步引入计算机智能控制,提高了驾驶安全性。
常在夜间行车的人都知道,最烦的就是同向后面的车和对面来的车开远光灯,炫目的灯光会使驾驶员看不清前面的路况,会驾驶车辆出事的概率。前方的车是直射,后面的车则是通过反光镜或后视镜的光进入驾驶员眼睛,对此的策略只有后视镜的偏光,靠特定角度改善光线。不过,也有很多车不再使用手动偏光镜片,比如Tesla,因为有其他方法解决,比如自动驾驶等。
可以说在不该开远光灯时开了远光灯的人,要么是不懂交通规则,要么是故意的。曾有一个朋友说,远光灯就是可以随时开的,可见他根本没把交规中车灯的使用规则记住,而且因为他驾驶的是美式卡车,座位很高很难体会行车时被强光照射的痛苦。还有一类人,黑天开车就打开远光灯,特别是一些老年人,总想自己能看得远一点。殊不知,违章开远光灯可能会给自己带来麻烦,比如,对方在你的强光照射下,车辆可能失控,不论是顺行还是逆行都有可能。
开远光灯的确可以延伸可视的距离,就如站得高看得远一般,但凡事总是利弊相互存在,既然车设计了两种灯光,就必然有其存在的理由。近光很容易让驾驶员看清附近的细节,远光则是为车辆能快速行驶指明方向,这一远一近都有安全因素在内,缺一不可,只有合理地使用它们才有安全的保障。Tesla在自动驾驶状态会根据情况自动切换它们的使用。
前一段我写过一篇关于远光灯的博文,是因为我看到了一类车的远光灯中加装了传感器,可以根据对面来车的情况自动关闭远光。同时还可根据车子转向将大灯自动偏向转弯方向,对于驾驶员来说是一种福利,能帮助夜间行车提高安全系数。
汽车无论改成什么样式,车灯都是必不可缺的部件。灯光是汽车的眼睛,它为驾驶员提供视野,也为道路传递安全信号。合理使用灯光,不仅是对自己的保护,也是对他人的尊重,还能体现出驾驶员的素质和人品。
CarHeadlights
Everydriverknowsthatamongallthelightsonacar,whilethetaillightswithbrakelightsarecrucial,theheadlightsareequallyimportant.Theyguidethedriverandsignalothervehicles,especiallyinthedark,ensuringsafetyduringdriving.
Therearethreemaintypesofcarheadlights:lowbeam,highbeam,andturnsignals.Thefirsttwoareusedtoilluminatetheroadindarkness,whiletheturnsignalsinformothervehiclesofintendedturns.ForcarslikeTesla,duringnighttimedrivingwithautopilotengaged,thesystemautomaticallyadjustsbetweenhighbeamsandlowbeams.Highbeamsareactivatedintheabsenceofnearbyvehiclesoroncomingtraffictoprovideawider,fartherrangeofvisibility,enhancingtheeffectivenessofautonomousdriving.Inmostcases,however,lowbeamsaresufficientforregulardriving.
Inadditiontothese,mostcarsareequippedwithalessprominentlightcalledthepositionlight(orparkinglight).Thislightisn’tverybrightbutislocatedatthecornersofthecar,bothfrontandrear.Itoftenlightsupautomaticallywhenthecarkeyisturned,evenwithoutstartingtheengine.OnTeslavehicles,thepositionlightsturnonwhenthedoorisopenedandturnoffautomaticallyafterawhileifthecarisn’tstarted.
Oldercarsalsocamewithfoglightsasstandard,designedforvisibilityinfoggyoradverseweatherconditions.Yellowlight,withitssuperiorpenetration,wasusedduetoitsefficiency,similartothewarningroleofyellowlightsintrafficsignals.
Specialvehiclessometimeshaveuniquelights.Forexample,olderChinese-mademilitaryjeeps(likethe212)andtruckshadasmall,coveredlightontherightfrontsidecalledan“anti-aircraftlight.”Thislightfeatureddirectionalarrowsinsideandcouldbeusedasawarningsignalforoncomingvehicles.Itcouldalsodoubleasautilitylightwhenthecoverwasremoved.Modernanti-aircraftlightshaveevolved,replacingfilamentswithmoreefficientsemiconductors.
Semiconductortechnologyhasgreatlyimprovedenergyefficiency.Today,manylargevehiclesandmotorcyclesareadornedwithdecorativelights,makingthemappearasgrandasparadefloatsfromafar.However,uponcloserinspection,they’reoftenjustordinaryvehicles,albeitwithlightsilluminatingareasthatdon’tnecessarilyrequirevisibility.Theselightsonlyshowcasetheiraestheticappealatnight,cateringtoeitherlate-nighttravelersorfellownightdrivers.
Oldervehiclesoftenhadmorecomplexlightcontrols,witheachtypeoflightrequiringaseparateswitch.Forexample,olderbusesfeaturedoveradozenswitchesforvariouslightsanddoors.Pullswitchesusedinthepastwerecumbersomeandpronetoerror.Overtime,thesewerereplacedbybuttonswitches,simplifyingoperations.Today,mostvehiclesuserotaryortoggleswitchestopreventmisuse.High-endcarshavefurtheradoptedcomputer-controlledsystems,enhancingsafety.
Experiencednighttimedriversknowthefrustrationofvehiclesmisusinghighbeams,whetherfrombehindorfromoncomingtraffic.Thedazzlinglightscanobscuretheroadahead,increasingtheriskofaccidents.Whilethefrontglareisdirect,rearhighbeamsreflectintothedriver’seyesviamirrors.Solutionslikepolarizedrearviewmirrorshelptosomeextentbyadjustingtheangleoflightreflection.Somevehicles,likeTesla,avoidusingmanualpolarizedmirrorsandinsteadrelyonothertechnologicalsolutions,suchasautonomousdrivingsystems.
Thosewhomisusehighbeams,eitheroutofignoranceordeliberately,poseasafetyrisk.Afriendoncesaid,“Highbeamsaremeanttobeusedanytime,”showingheneitherunderstoodtrafficregulationsnorthediscomfortcausedbyhighbeams.Drivingahigh-seatedAmericantruck,helikelydidn’texperiencetheglaringimpactofhighbeams.Similarly,someolderdrivershabituallyturnonhighbeamsatnight,believingitimprovestheirvisibility,unawareofthedangerstheyimpose.Forinstance,theopposingdrivermaylosecontrolundertheintenselight,leadingtoaccidentsregardlessofthedirectionoftravel.
Highbeamsindeedextendthevisiblerange,muchlikestandingtallprovidesabroaderview.However,everyadvantagehasitsdrawbacks.Theexistenceofbothlowandhighbeamsreflectstheirdistinctpurposes.Lowbeamsilluminatenearbydetails,whilehighbeamsguidefastertravelbylightingfartherahead.Bothareindispensableforsafetyandshouldbeusedappropriately.Tesla’sautopilotsystemexemplifiesthisbyautomaticallyswitchingbetweenthetwobasedonreal-timeconditions.
Inapreviousblog,Idiscussedavehicleequippedwithsensorswithinitshighbeams.Thesesensorsautomaticallydimthehighbeamswhendetectingoncomingvehiclesandadjusttheheadlights’directionbasedonturns.Suchinnovationsenhancesafetyandconveniencefornighttimedrivers.
Nomatterhowcardesignsevolve,headlightsremainindispensable.Theyarethe“eyes”ofavehicle,notonlyprovidingvisibilityforthedriverbutalsoservingassafetysignalsforothersontheroad.Incorporatingmoreautomatedcontrolfeaturesiscrucialforsaferdriving.Whileheadlightsilluminatetheroadahead,theyshouldneverblindothers.Properuseofheadlightsisnotjustatechnicalskillbutalsoareflectionofsafetyawarenessanddrivingetiquette.