新高考I卷阅读理解ABCD(2023年)真题透析+变式训练.pdf

05新高考I卷阅读理解ABCD(2023年)真题透析+变式训练

第一部分命题分析+秒选技能

第二部分真题评析(真题呈现+全解全析+阅读高频词+长难句回顾)

第三部分真题变式练

命题分析

虽然阅读理解的材料内容千变万化,但考试中的考查方式是有限的,只要能够掌握以下几种主要类型题目

的阅读技巧,那么阅读理解拿高分,甚至拿满分就是可以做到的了。

阅读理解题的速选技能,需要结合下面几种题型:主旨大意题,细节理解题,推理判断题,词义猜测题。

理判断题呈不断上升的趋势,且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查

考生对英语语言的理解能力,因此难度比往年有所增加;主旨题的考查占有十分重要的位置,一般针对某

意等;词义题所要求的词或词组往往是熟词新意,有的是中学课本中没出现过的,仅考查词或短语在该篇

短文中的含义;观点态度题也在高考中有所体现。

秒选技能

词汇层面——巧跨生词障碍:

在阅读过程中,对于无关紧要的词汇要学着“跳过去”,比如人名、地名、组织名等。对影响阅读质量、

影响解题的关键生词要“猜出来

句意层面——巧破长难句型

对于阅读中设题处的长难句要学会分析。分析长难句的核心技法是根据五种基本句式摘出句子主干

——主谓(宾),特别注意:

[一个句子有且只有一个谓语,如果一个句子有了两个或两个以上的谓语,则必有连词或从句的出现;

2.去除所有修饰成分,包括介词短语、非谓语动词、从句等;

3.充分利用并列成分。

语篇层面——熟悉体裁特点

不同类型的语篇有不同的(命题)特点。考虑语篇,要考虑语篇的体裁、发展线索、框架结构、语篇的立

论句等。

解题层面——知晓选项特征

阅读理解正确选项往往通过同义改写、抽象概括、原词复现、正话反说等方式转化而来,而错误选项

通常具有张冠李戴、无中生有、偷换概念、正误参半等方式而对考生形成干扰。

(-)细节理解题在考查形式上分为两种:细节查找题与细节推理题。

2.细节推断题:需要借助同义词转换,概念解析,归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行变换,然后再进行进一

步的推理或鉴别。

(-)推理判断题

题,作者态度观点推测题。

内容或观点。

2.避免误入命题陷阱:第一类陷阱是把第一类陷阱是把原文中的关键词或限定词去掉或用其他词进行替换。

比如把张三当李四,把部分当全部,把否定当肯定,把将来发生当成已经发生等。第二类陷阱是在选项中

容本身符合常识,但是作者在文中没有提及或者与作者观点不符。

(三)词义猜测题

这种类型的题,主要分为以下三种:

1.猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义;

2.对文中的多义词或词组进行定义:

3.判断某个代词的指代的对象。

这类题型应在精读中应当注意:

1.分析长难句。

2.注意熟词生义,一词多义。

2.分段概括大意,逐项排除最终确定答案。需要注意避免出现概括不够,如:以偏概全,过度解读等人为

的主观臆断性错误。

真题呈现

阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

(2023年全国新高考I卷)A篇阅读理解应用文

BikeRental&GuidedTours

WelcometoAmsterdam,welcometoMacBike.Youseemuchmorefromtheseatofabike!Cyclingisthe

mosteconomical,sustainableandfunwaytoexplorethecity,withitsbeautifulcanals,parks,squaresandcountless

lights.YoucanalsobikealonglovelylandscapesoutsideofAmsterdam.

WhyMacBike

MacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.With

over2,500bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations,wemakesurethereisalwaysabikeavailable

fbryou.Weofferthenewestbicyclesinawidevariety,includingbasicbikeswithfootbrake倒车),bikeswith

handbrakeandgears(排挡),bikeswithchildseats,andchildren'sbikes.

Prices

HandBrake,ThreeGearsFootBrake,NoGears

1hour€7.50€5.00

3hours€11.00€7.50

Iday(24hours)€14.75€9.75

Eachadditionalday€8.00€6.00

GuidedCityTours

The2.5-hourtourcoverstheGooyerWindmill,theSkinnyBridge,theRijksmuseum,HeinekenBreweryand

muchmore.ThetourdepartsfromDamSquareeveryhouronthehour,startingat1:00pmeveryday.Youcanbuy

yourticketinaMacBikeshoporbookonline.

21.WhatisanadvantageofMacBike

A.Itgiveschildrenadiscount.B.Itofoffersmanytypesofbikes.

C.Itorganizesfreecycletours.D.Ithasover2,500rentalshops.

22.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfbrtwodays

A.€15.75.B.€19.50.C.€22.75.D.€29.50.

23.Wheredoestheguidedcitytourstart

A.TheGooyer,Windmill.B.TheSkinnyBridge.

C.HeinekenBrewery.D.DamSquare.

全解全析

价格等细节。

21.【答案】B

withfootbrake(刹车),bikeswithhandbrakeandgears(排挡),bikeswithchildseats,andchildren'sbikes.(我们

提供种类繁多的最新自行车,包括有脚刹的基本自行车、有手刹和带排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车

和儿童自行车)”可推知,MacBike的优势是它提供许多类型的自行车。故选B。

22.【答案】C

【解析】细节理解题。根据定价表可知,租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车一天需要14.75欧元,额外增加

天数每天8欧元。所以租一辆带手刹和三档的自行车两天需要14.75+8=22.75欧元。故选C。

23.【答案】D

at1:00pmeveryday.(旅游团每小时从大坝广场出发,每天下午1点开始)“可知,导游城市之旅从大坝广场

开始。故选Do

阅读高频词

1.economicaladj,经济实惠的;节约的;筒练的

2.sustainableadj.,计划、方法、体制)可持续的,持续性的;(自然资源)可持续的,不破坏环境的;站

得住脚的;

3.explorev.探讨,探究;考察,探索;(用手或身体其他部位)探查,仔细检查;

4.squaren.正方形,正方形物;广场;平方,二次累;〈非正式,古板守旧的人,不谙时尚的人;

5.1ovelyadj.可爱的,迷人的;令人愉快的,美好的;亲切和善的:〈英,非正式〉(用于表示对某事物感;

6.countlessadj.无数的,数不尽的,

(或摩托车)投递(信件,包裹),

8.strategicadj.战略(性)的,策略(上)的;(计划或战略上)有用的,重要的;

9.coverv.覆盖,遮盖;包括,涉及;报道;占(一片面积):行走(一段路程);掩护;翻唱:

lO.departv.启程,出发;背离,违背;离职

|难句回||

Withover2,50()bikesstoredinourfiverentalshopsatstrategiclocations,wemakesurethereisalwaysabike

availableforyou.

【句意】我们在战略位置的五家租赁店存放了2500多辆自行车,确保您随时都有一辆自行车可用。

【解析】本句是主从复合句。with的宾语补足语作状语,主句中thereis…是makesure的宾语从句。

(2023年全国新高考I卷)B篇阅读理解记叙文

WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolved

problems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretiny

creatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemesses

peopleweremaking.

Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandasking

questions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(细菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causing

chemicalsWiththerightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastetheway

naturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.

ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).First,he

constructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsand

streamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,these

differentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthe

sludge.

Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbeganto

eatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.

Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse—likefacilitythattreated

sewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterin

Fuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.

"Ecologicaldesign“isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes."LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfbr

theinventor,9,hesays.4tYouputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhafshappening.Thenyouletthese

newsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.”

24.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs

A.Hewasfondoftraveling.B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.

C.Hehadaninquiringmind.D.Helongedtobeadoctor.

25.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks

A.Tofeedtheanimals.B.Tobuildanecosystem.

C.Toprotecttheplants.D.Totesttheeco-machine.

26.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinmentioningFuzhou

A.ToreviewJohn'sresearchplans.B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn'sidea.

C.TocompareJohn'sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn'sinvention.

27.WhatisthebasisforJohn'swork

A.Naturecanrepairitself.B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.

C.LifeonEarthisdiverse.D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.

利用自然可以自我修复的原理来净化污水。

24.【答案】C

【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段“WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,

observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthrough

plantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscould

beusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.(当约翰托德还是个孩子的时候,他喜欢探索房子周围的树

林,观察大自然是如何解决问题的。例如,一条肮脏的小溪流经植物和微小生物居住的岩石后,往往会变

得清澈。长大后,约翰开始思考这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的混乱)''以及第二段“Afterstudying

agriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycan

certainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(细菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals(在大学学习了

农业、医学和渔业之后,约翰又回到「观察自然和提出问题的生活中。为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌?

哪些鱼类会食用致癌化学物质?)“可知,约翰聪颖好学、好奇心很强。故选C。

25.【答案】D

【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.(几个星期后,约翰把污泥加/进

去)''以及倒数第三段“Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeas

foodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.(他对结果感

到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物,开始吃了起来!几周之内,它就被消化了,只剩下纯净

水厂可知,约翰把污泥放进罐子里是为了测试生态机器。故选D。

26.【答案】B

【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopeda

greenhouse—likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedan

eco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.(这些年来,约翰承担了许多重大工作。他

开发r一个类似温室的设施,可以处理来自南伯灵顿i6oo户家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁

中国东南部城市福州的运河水)”可推知,作者提到福州的目的是展示约翰想法的应用。故选B。

27.【答案】A

【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段"Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat'shappening.Then

youletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.(你把生物体放在新的关系中,观察会发生什么。

然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式广可知,约翰工作的基础是自然可以自我修复。故选A。

1.processn.过程,进程;

2.trapv.[熟词生义]吸收,留存;

3.chemicaln.[学术词]化学品;

4.figurev.(经过考虑后)认为,以为;

5.substancen.[课标新增词]物质;

6.constructv.建造,修建;

7.clearadj.[熟词生义]透明的;

8.developv.[熟词生义]开发,研制;

9.treatv.[熟词生义](利用化学物质或反应)处理;

lO.reviewv.回顾,反思;

11.applicationn.[派生词](尤指理论、发现等的)应用,运用;

12.erasev.消除,清除;

13.diverseadj.不同的,多种多样的

长难句回顾

1.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretiny

creatureslived.

【句意】例如,一条污浊的小溪,在流经植物和微小生物栖息的岩石后,通常会变得清澈。

一个由where引导的定语从句,修饰先行词rocks。

(2023年新高考I卷)C篇阅读理解说明文

Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism,includingadetailedexplorationofwhatit

asksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit'srightfbryou.

Todoso,Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigital

minimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople'sdigitallivesincreasingly

intolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.

Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy:thedigitaldeclutter.

Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,

youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassive

benefitstothethingsyouvalue.

Inthefinalchapterofpartone,rilguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,TH

drawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You'llhear

theseparticipants'storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellfbrthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyou

shouldavoid.

Thesecondpartofthisbooktakesacloserlookatsomeideasthatwillhelpyoucultivate(培养)asustainable

digitalminimalismlifestyle.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitude(独处)andthe

necessityofcultivatinghigh-qualityleisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.Each

chapterconcludeswithacollectionofpractices,whicharedesignedtohelpyouactonthebigideasofthechapter.

Youcanviewthesepracticesasatoolboxmeanttoaidyoureffortstobuildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsfor

yourparticularcircumstances.

28.Whatisthebookaimedat

A.Teachingcriticalthinkingskills.B.Advocatingasimpledigitallifestyle.

C.Solvingphilosophicalproblems.D.Promotingtheuseofadigitaldevice.

29Whatdoestheunderlinedword"declutter“inparagraph3mean

A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.

30.Whatispresentedinthefinalchapterofpartone

A.Theoreticalmodels.B.Statisticalmethods.

C.Practicalexamples.D.Historicalanalyses.

31.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdowiththepracticesofferedinparttwo

A.Usethemasneeded.B.Recommendthemtofriends.

C.Evaluatetheireffects.D.Identifytheideasbehindthem.

式。

28.【答案】B

adetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks,andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyou

decidei『srightforyou.(这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护,包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效,然后

如果你认为它适合你,教你如何采用这种哲学)“可知,这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。

29.【答案】A

【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesfor

thirtydays.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonline

activitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.(这个过程要求你在30天内远离

可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候,你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选

的在线活动)”可推知,画线词“deckitter”的意思是精理”,对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。

30.【答案】C

owndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso,TildrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedto

performadigitaldeclulter.(在第一部分的最后一章中,我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中,

我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验,在该实验中,1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知,第一部分的最

后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选Co

31.【答案】A

buildaminimalistlifestylethatwordsforyourparticularcircumstances.(你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱,旨

在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)''可推知,作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用

第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。

1.detailedadj.详细的;

2.explorationn探讨,研究;workv奏效,起作用;

3.examinationn研究,考察;

4.increasinglyadv越来越多地;

5.intolerableadj.无法忍受的;

6.concludev.[学术词]结束;

7.optionaladj.[学术词]可选择的;

8.massiveadj.大量的;

9.valuev.[名词动化]重视,珍视;

10.nmv.[熟词生义]组织;

11.performv.执行;

口.participantn.[学术词]参与者;

13.trapn.陷阱,困境;

14.encounterv.[学术词]遭遇(尤指问题);

15.sustainableadj.[学术词]可持续的;

16.mindlessadj.毫无目标的,无须动脑筋的;

17.practicen实践,做法;

18.advocatev.[学术词]提倡;

19.promotev.[学术词]促进;

20.presentv.[熟词生义]描述;

21.makethecasefor为.阐明理由;

22.moveonto开始做(别的事);

23.stepawayfrom不靠近,远离;

24.carryout实施,执行;

25.drawon利用;

26.bedesignedtodosth目的是做某事;

27.acton根据……行事;

28.view...as将.看作;

29上emeanttodosth旨在做某事;

30.beaimedat旨在,目的是;

l.Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationofthe

forcesthataremakingsomanypeople'sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,beforemovingontoadetailed

discussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.

【句意】在第一部分中,我论述了数字极简主义的哲学基础,首先探讨了到底是什么样的力量使得许多人

的数字生活越来越难以忍受,然后对数字极简主义生活准则进行详细讨论。

【解析】slavingwilh…为分词结构作状语;ihal引导定语从句,修饰先行词forces。

2.Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyou

believewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.

【句意】在这三十天结束时,你可以恢复少量精心挑选的,你认为将对你所珍视的东西大有裨益的线上活

动。

【解析】that引导定语从句,修饰先行词onlineactivities;youvalue为省略了引导词的定语从句,修饰先行

词thethingSo

3.You'llheartheseparticipants*storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapsthey

encounteredthatyoushouldavoid.

【句意】你将了解到这些参与者的故事,知悉哪些策略对他们有效,以及他们遇到了哪些你应当避免的陷

阱。

【解析】learn后有两个由what引导的宾语从句,that引导定语从句,修饰先行词traps。

4.Inthesechapters,Iexamineissuessuchastheimportanceofsolitudeandthenecessityofcultivatinghigh-quality

leisuretoreplacethetimemostnowspendonmindlessdeviceuse.

【句意】在这些章节中,我探讨了独处的重要性,以及培养高质量休闲活动的必要性等问题,以取代现在

【解析】mostnowspendon..为省略了引导词的定语从句,修饰先行词thetime,most意为“大多数人”

(2023年新高考I卷)D篇阅读理解说明文

OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascome

tobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsome

cases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.

Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Some

peoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,

theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesame

errors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicaltenns,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthat

people'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,the

accuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.The

keyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohavea

discussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependent

individuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewas

significantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.

Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroup

membersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.DidtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimatesDid

theyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirmindsThishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominant

response.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.^^Somehow,

theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashave

limitationsandmanyquestionsremainthepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingare

enormous.

32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout

A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.

33.Navajas9studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimates

C.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent

34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson

A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.

C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.

35Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajasstudies

A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.

HH

下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。

32.【答案】B

【解析】段落大意题。根据第二段内容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,those

errorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenoughof

theseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeopleare

similarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,the

wisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrorsbecome

correlatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实,即当人们犯

错误时,这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估,或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均

在一起时,它们会相互抵消,从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误,那么他们的错

误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说,群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因,人们

同的误差平均在一起,相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计,讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而产

生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。

33.【答案】D

【答案】细节理解题。根据第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople's

estimatesbeindependent.(从更专业的角度来说,群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的)”和第三段的“Thekey

findingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohavea

significantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.(这项研究的关键发现是,

当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时,这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。

例如,从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知,人们

在没有独立的情况下,分成更小群体,平均值是更准确的,说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下,

准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。

34.【答案】C

【答案】推理判断题。根据第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstried

togetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemost

confidentabouttheirestimatesDidtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds(在一项针对100名大

学生的后续研究中,研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对

自己的估计最有信心的人?他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗)“可知,在后续研究中,研究人员试图更

好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题,因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。

故选Co

35.【答案】D

【答案】推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmany

questionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.(尽管Navajas

领导的研究有局限性,仍存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)''可知,作者认为虽然

Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于

Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。

1.illustratev说明,阐明;

2.wisdomn智慧;

3.averagen平均数;

4.independentadj.独立的;

5.estimaten.估算;

6.accurateadj.准确的;

7.averagev.[名词动化]算出..的平均数;

8.classicadj.经典的;

9.individualn.个人,个体;

10.responsen.反应;

11.frequentlyadv.经常地;

12.reasonv.思考,推理;

13.globaladj.[熟词生义]整体的,全面的;

14.potentialadj.潜在的;

15.enormousadj.巨大的;

16.insomecases在某些情况下;

17.capitalizeon充分利用;

18.tendtodosth倾向于做某事;

19.cancelout抵消,对消;

2O.resultin导致

l.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedto

haveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberof

independentindividuals.

【句意】这项研究的重要发现是,当大的群体被进一步分成更小的群体并允许讨论时,这些群体(估算)的平

均值比同样数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。

【解析】本句主干是个主系表结构:thekeyfindingofthestudywasthat...;that引导的表语从句由一个主从复

合句构成,其中when引导的条件状语从句中又包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词smallergroups,

主句theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependent

individuals中的those指代Iheaverageso

真题变式练(应用文,记叙文,说明文限时练)

Passage1(应用文)

(2023广东梅州统考三模)TheRoadTripToTlaxcala

Tlaxcala,locatedineastcentralMexico,iswellworthvisiting.Andyou'rewelcometothiswonderfulplace!

Day1:PickupacarinMexicoCityanddriveoutoverthefoothillsofPopocatepetlVolcano.Headtoward

TlaxcalaCity,stoppingontheroutetoseetheamazingmurals(壁画)atCacaxtla,anarchaeologicalsitewith

1000-year-oldruins.AfterenteringTlaxcala'shistoriccenter,youcanwalkovertotheCatedraldeNuestraSenora

delaAsunciontoseeitscarvedwoodenceilingintheSpanishMudejarstyle.

Day2:Afterbreakfast,driveeasttoContla,avillageknownforcloth.FromContla,drivesoutheastto

Huamantla.Thetown'scentralsquareisanidealplacetocatchaquicksnackoficecream.Continuesouthto

Ixtenco,atraditionalOtomicommunity,forlunchinthekitchenoftheBaltazarfamily.Afterlunch,drivenorthto

the17th-centuryHaciendaTenexac,inTerrenate,whereyou'llspendapeacefulnight.

Day3:FollowingagreatbreakfastpreparedbyTenexac,schef,PazYanoBreton,joinherforatourofthe

residentialquarters,whicharecrowdedwithamazingfurniturecollectedoverthepast200years.Thenheadwestto

theindustrialcityofApizaco.Afterlunch,ashortdrivenorthtakesyouintoopenfields.

Day4:Wakeatdawnfora40-minutehiketothetopofahillbehindtheretreat.Asthesunrises,you'llenjoy

agreatview.Aftercheckingout,yournextstopshouldbethetownofTlaxcoforbreakfast.FromTlaxco,headwest

throughtheLlanosdeApan,anagriculturalregion.AndthenstopforlunchatXoletongo,andafterlunch,head

backtoMexicoCity.

1.WhatwillvisitorsdoonDay1

A.Visit2000-year-oldruins.B.Appreciatespecialarchitecture.

C.EnjoyamazingmuralsinTlaxcala.D.Travelaroundthecitycenterbycar.

THE END
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