作物杂志,2023,39(2):16-23doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.02.003
专题综述
2哈尔滨海关技术中心齐齐哈尔综合实验室，161000，黑龙江齐齐哈尔
2QiqiharIntegratedLaboratoryofHarbinCustomsTechnologyCenter,Qiqihar161000,Heilongjiang,China
收稿日期:2022-03-25修回日期:2022-07-26网络出版日期:2023-02-26
Received:2022-03-25Revised:2022-07-26Online:2023-02-26
作者简介Aboutauthors
窦迎港，研究方向为化学和生物学，E-mail：578253129@qq.com
关键词：基因编辑;原理;应用;监管;检测
Sincetheintroductionofgeneeditingtechnologyin2012,ithasattractedwidespreadattentionandcontinuestobreaknewgroundintermsofapplicationprospects.Thistechnologyuses“molecularscissors”tobreakDNAdoublestrandsandattachnon-homologousendsorhomologousrecombinationtomutate,knockout,insertorreplacespecificsitesinDNA.Thispaperdetailedtheprinciplesandtechnicalmethodsofvariousgeneeditingtechnologiestodate,explainedthecurrentapplicationofthetechnologyandtheprogressofcommercializationoftheeditedcrops,andanalyzedthedetectionstudiesofthetechnology.Geneeditingtechnologyhasbecomeaglobalhotspot,newtechnologiesandnewresearchresultsarespringingupandbeingappliedinthefieldsofplantandanimalbreeding,diseasetreatment,drugdevelopment,etc.Inthefuture,thistechnologywilldefinitelyshowitsrevolutionarysignificance,andhowtoregulate,detect,andcommercializetheapplicationwillbecomeanurgentproblemtobesolvedbytheregulatoryauthorities.
Keywords：Geneediting;Principle;Application;Regulation;Detection
本文引用格式
窦迎港,甄珍.基因编辑作物技术原理、商业化及检测研究进展.作物杂志,2023,39(2):16-23doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.02.003
DouYinggang,ZhenZhen.ProgressintheTechnicalPrinciple,CommercializationandTestingResearchofGeneEditedCrops.Crops,2023,39(2):16-23doi:10.16035/j.issn.1001-7283.2023.02.003
基因编辑不同于转基因，它可实现基因的定向改造，即对特定的DNA片段进行添加和删除，及特定碱基的删除和替换等，从而达到对目的基因及产物的编辑，进而改变目标基因或调控元件的序列、结构或功能。
图1Cre-lox介导示意图
Fig.1Cre-loxmediatedschematic
图2ZFNs示意图
Fig.2SchematicdiagramofZFNs
图3TALEN的原理
Fig.3TheprincipleofTALEN
图4CRISPR/Cas9原理
Fig.4TheprincipleofCRISPR/Cas9
近年来，已有多种基于CRISPR/Cas9系统和CRISPR/Cas13系统的光调控工具被开发，并已广泛应用于生物工程、基础医学和疾病治疗等领域。但光控CRISPR技术目前仍存在许多问题尚未解决，包括光毒性、光漂白、脱靶率、未知的安全隐患、递送效率、免疫原性和伦理问题等。
未来会有越来越多的基因编辑作物商业化，进入我国市场。但目前对于不同基因编辑技术商业化的作物检测方法未见，检验标准更是缺失，所以对于检测方法的研究是急需解决的重大问题。
此外，CRISPR基因编辑可能会给类似鼠类肉瘤病毒癌基因（kirstenratsarcomaviraloncogene，KRAS）的致癌基因突变的细胞带来优势。脱靶效应也是不容忽视的重大问题，还有潜在的致癌问题。
基因编辑技术问世以来取得了突飞猛进的发展，新技术、新方法、新研究和新成果层出不穷，这场技术风暴仍未停止。在未来，该技术将不断被开发改良并应用到众多领域中去，甚至有可能超越转基因成为植物改良的主要工具，同时会有越来越多的植物商业化，走出实验室，走进餐桌。因此，应当加速推进基因编辑植物的检测方法和检测标准的研究与制定，建立一套完善、精准、灵敏、高通量的基因编辑产品检测方法体系，用于促进基因编辑产品的进出口，保护我国农产品的经济和社会效益不受损坏，生态效益不受侵害，为我国生物安全监管提供有力的技术支撑。
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