在日常学习和工作中，许多人都需要跟试题打交道，试题是命题者根据一定的考核需要编写出来的。一份好的试题都具备什么特点呢？下面是小编帮大家整理的大学英语四级必备全真模拟题，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
12月大学英语四级全真模拟题1
PartⅠWriting(30minutes)
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowritealettertoyourAmericanfriendLawrence,tointroduceSpringFestivalinChinaandinvitehimtojoinyoutospendthisSpringFestival.SupposeyouareYuanChao.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingthesuggestionsgivenbelowinChinese:
1.表达你对Lawrence的想念之情;
2.介绍中国的春节;
3.邀请Lawrence和你们一起过春节。
提示:在实考试卷中，该试题在答题卡1上。
ALettertoLawrence
September23,2005
DearLawrence,
Ithasbeenfiveyearssincewemeteachotherlasttime.Howtimeflies!HowarethingswithyouThehappytimewespenttogetherisalwaysonmymindandIreallyhopetocet4v.com.Asyouknow,SpringFestival,LunarNewYear,isthemostfavorableholidayforusChinese.Withitscolorfulandrichtraditions,itiscelebratedalmostineverypartofChina.EveryoneisindulgedinthedominantatmosphereofjoyousfamilyreunionandwiththefreshandvigorouslookpeoplegreettheNewYear.
Thecelebrationsvaryfromplacetoplace,buttherearethreetraditionsthathaveneverdifferedthroughoutthecountry.First,theNewYear’sEvedinnerisasymboloffamilyreunion,withallfamilymemberssittingaroundthesteamingtable,tastingavarietyofdeliciousfoodandwishingeachotherhealth,successandhappiness.Second,people,duringtheholidays,willvisiteachothertoexpresstheirbestregardsandwishes.Andfinally,wecanenjoythemarvelouslionanddragondancessymbolizinghappiness,goodfortuneandprosperity.
Thedayisdrawingnearer,myfamiliesandIsincerelyinviteyoutojoinusforthisyear’sSpringFestival.Ifyou’dliketo,wecanmakefurtherarrangements.Lookingforwardtoyourreply!
Yours,
YuanChao
PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,mark
Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;
N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;
NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.
Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswithinformationgiveninthepassage.
ComputerCrime
Acomputercrimeisgenerallydefinedasonethatinvolvestheuseofcomputersandsoftwareforillegalpurposes.Thisdoesn’tmeanthatallthecrimesarenewtypesofcrime.Onthecontrary,manyofthesecrimes,suchasembezzlementoffunds,thealterationofrecords,theft,vandalism,sabotage,andterrorism,canbecommittedwithoutacomputer.Butwithacomputer,theseoffensescanbecarriedoutmorequicklyandwithlesschancethatthepersonresponsibleforthecrimewillbediscovered.
Computercrimesareontheriseandhavebeenforthecet4v.com.JusthowmuchthesecomputercrimescosttheAmericanpublicisindispute,butestimatesrangefrom$3billionto$5billionannually.EventheFBI,whichattemptstokeeptrackofthegrowthordeclineofallkindsofcrimes,isunabletosaypreciselyhowlargealossisinvolved;however,itestimatesthattheaveragetakefromacompanyhitbycomputercrimeis$600,000.Anumberofreasonsaregivenfortheincreaseincomputercrime:(A)morecomputersinuseand,thus,morepeoplewhoarefamiliarwithbasiccomputeroperation;(B)morecomputerstiedtogetherinsatelliteandotherdata—transmissionnetworks;and(C)theeasyaccessofmicrocomputerstohugemainframedatabases.
TheCriminal
Moviesandnewspaperstoriesmightleadustobelievethatmostcomputercrimesarecommittedbyteenage“hackers”—brilliantandbasicallygoodchildrenwholettheirimaginationandtechnicalgeniusgetthemintotrouble.Butarealisticlookatthecrimesrevealsthattheoffenderislikelytobeanemployeeofthefirmagainstwhichthecrimehasbeencommitted,i.e.,an“insider”.
DifficultyofDetectionandPrevention
Giventhekindofpersonwhocommitsacomputercrimeandtheenvironmentinwhichthecrimeoccurs,itisoftendifficulttodetectwhothecriminalis.Firstofall,thecrimemaybesocomplexthatmonthsoryearsgobybeforeanyonediscoversit.
Second,oncethecrimehasbeenrevealed,itisnoteasytofindacleartrailofevidencethatleadsbacktotheguiltyparty.Afterall,lookingfor“weapons”orfingerprintsdoesnotoccurasitmightintheinvestigationofmoreconventionalcrimes.
Third,thereareusuallynowitnessestothecomputercrime,eventhoughitmaybetakingplaceinaroomfilledwithpeople.Whoistosayifthepersonatthenextterminal,calmlykeyingindata,isdoingthecompany’sworkorcommittingacriminalact
Fourth,notenoughpeopleinmanagementandlawenforcementknowenoughaboutcomputertechnologytopreventthecrimes.Authoritieshavetobefamiliarwiththecomputer’scapabilitieswithinagivensituationtoguardagainstitsmisuses.Insomelargecities,suchasLosAngeles,policedepartmentshavesetupspeciallytrainedcomputercrimeunits.
Butevenwhenanoffenderiscaught,theinvestigators,attorneys(律师),judges,orjuriesmayfindtheallegedcrimetoocomplicatedandperplexingtohandle.Moreattorneysarespecializingincomputerlawandstudyingthecomputer’spotentialformisuse.
Afteracomputercrimehasbeendiscovered,manycompaniesdonotreportitorprosecute(起诉)thepersonresponsible.Acompanymaynotannouncethecrimeoutoffearthatthepubicwillfindouttheweaknessesofitscomputersystemandloseconfidenceinitsorganization.Banks,creditcardcompanies,andinvestmentfirmsareespeciallysensitiveaboutrevealingtheirvulnerabilities(脆弱性)becausetheyrelyheavilyoncustomertrust.
Toavoidpublicattention,cautiouscompanieswilloftensettlecasesofcomputertamperingoutofcourt.Andifcasesdogototrialandtheoffendersareconvicted,theymaybepunishedonlybyafineorlightsentencebecausethejudgeorjuryisn’tfullytrainedtounderstandthenatureandseriousnessofthecrime.
Notallcompaniesaretimidinapprehendingcomputercriminals.Forexample,ConnecticutGeneralLifeInsuranceCompanydecidedithadtogettoughonviolators.Sowhenthecompanydiscoveredthatoneofitscomputertechnicianshadembezzled$200,000byenteringfalsebenefitclaims,itpresenteditfindingstothestate’sattorneyandaidedintheprosecutionofthetechnician.Thetechnicianwasfoundguiltyandsentencedtoprison,notjustforthecomputermisuse,butalsoforgrandtheftandinsurancefraud.ConnecticutGeneralnowhasapolicyofreportingallincidentsoftheftorfraud,nomatterhowsmall.
提示:在实考试卷中，8-10题在答题卡1上。
1.TheFBIknowsexactlyhowlargealossisinvolvedincomputercrimes.
2.Ithasbecomeeasyformicrocomputerownerstousehugemainframedatabases.
3.ItisimpliedintheParagraph3thatmostcomputercriminalsaretheemployeesoftheconcernedcompanies.
4.Manycompaniesdontreportcomputercrimesbecauselawproceduresagainstcomputercrimesusuallycostalotofmoney.
5.Whencomputercrimetakesplaceinaroomfilledwithpeople,thereareusuallymanywitnessestothecrime.
6.ThepassageismainlyabouttheincreaseofcomputercrimesinAmericaandthedifficultiesincombatingcomputercrimes.
7.Computercrimesareontherisebecausemorecheapmicrocomputersareavailable.
8.Accordingtothepassage,computercrimeshasbeenontheriseforthelast__________years.
9.ConnecticutGeneralLifeInsurancecompanyiscitedas_________ofcompaniesthattookseriousmeasurestofightagainstcomputercrimes.
10.Banks,creditcardcompanies,andinvestmentfirmsareespeciallysensitiveaboutrevealingtheirvulnerabilitiesbecausetheyplacetoomuchrelianceon__________.
PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
1.N.
2.Y.
3.Y.
4.N.
5.N.
6.Y.
7.NG.
8.twelve
9.anexample
10.customertrust
PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)
SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
WhatisitaboutAmericansandfoodWelovetoeat,butwefeel
47______aboutitafterward.Wesaywewantonlythebest,butwestrangelyenjoyjunkfood.We’re48______withhealthandcet4v.comfaceanunprecedentedepidemicofobesity(肥胖).Perhapsthe49_______tothisambivalence(矛盾情结)liesinourhistory.ThefirstEuropeanscametothiscontinentsearchingfornewspicesbutwentinvain.Thefirstcashcrop(经济作物)wasn’teatenbutsmoked.ThentherewasProhibition,intendedtoprohibitdrinkingbutactuallyencouragingmore50________waysofdoingit.
Theimmigrantexperience,too,hasbeenoneofinharmony.DoasRomansdomeanseatingwhat“realAmericans”eat,butournation’sfoodhascometobe
51______byimports—pizza,say,orhotdogs.Andsomeofthecountry’smosttreasuredcookingcomesfrompeoplewhoarrivedhereinshackles.
Perhapsitshouldcomeasnosurprisethenthatfoodhasbeenamediumforthenation’sdefiningstruggles,whetherattheBostonTeaPartyorthesitinsatsouthernlunchcounters.Itisintegraltoourconceptsofhealthandevenmoralitywhetheronerefrainsfromalcoholforreligiousreasonsorevadesmeatforpolitical52________.
Butstrongopinionshavenotbrought53_______.Americansareambivalentaboutwhattheyputintheirmouths.Wehavebecome54_______ofourfoods,especiallyaswelearnmoreaboutwhattheycontain.
The55________infoodisstillprosperousintheAmericanconsciousness.It’snocoincidence,then,thatthefirstThanksgivingholdstheAmericanimaginationinsuchbondage(束缚).It’swhatweeat—andhowwe56_______itwithfriends,family,andstrangers—thathelpdefineAmericaasacet4v.com.
A.answerB.resultC.shareD.guilty
E.constantF.definedG.vanishH.adapted
I.creativeJ.beliefK.suspiciousL.certainty
M.obsessedN.identifyO.ideals
47.D48.M49.A50.I
51.F53.L54.K55.J56.C
SectionB
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.
PassageOne
Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Resourcescanbesaidtobescarceinbothanabsoluteandrelativesense:thesurfaceoftheEarthisfinite,imposingabsolutescarcity;butthescarcitythatconcernseconomistsistherelativescarcityofresourcesindifferentuses.Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.
Thecostofaproductintermsofmoneymaynotmeasureitstruecosttosociety.Thetruecostof,say,theconstructioncet4v.comjetisthevalueoftheschoolsandrefrigeratorsthatwillneverbebuiltasaresult.Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety’savailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.Indecidinghowtouseresourcesmosteffectivelytosatisfythewantsofthecommunity,thisopportunitycostmustultimatelybetakenintoaccount.
Inamarketeconomythepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplieddependonthecostofmakingit,andthatcost,ultimately,isthecostofnotmakingothergoods.Themarketmechanismenforcesthisrelationship.Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thelabor,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.Butthecet4v.cominputs,inturn,dependsonwhattheycanproduceelsewhere—iftheleathercanbeusedtoproducehandbagsthatarevaluedhighlybyconsumers,thepricesofleatherwillbebidupcorrespondingly.
57.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss
A)Thescarcityofmanufacturedgoods.
B)Thevalueofscarcematerials.
C)Themanufacturingofscarcegoods.
D)Thecostofproducingshoes.
58.Accordingtothepassage,whataretheopportunitycostsofanitem
A)Theamountoftimeandmoneyspentinproducingit.
B)Theopportunitiesapersonhastobuyit.
C)Thevalueofwhatcouldhavebeenproducedinstead.
D)Thevalueoftheresourcesusedinitsproduction.
59.Accordingtothepassage,whatistherelationshipbetweenproductionandresources
A)Availableresourcesstimulateproduction.
B)Resourcesaretotallyindependentofproduction.
C)Productionincreasesasresourcesincrease.
D)Productionlessenstheamountofavailableresources.
60.Whatdeterminesthepriceofagoodinamarketeconomy
A)Thecostofallelementsinproduction.B)Thecostofnotmakingothergoods.
C)Theefficiencyofthemanufacturingprocess.D)Thequantityofmaterialssupplied.
61.WhichofthefollowingexamplesBESTreflectsacosttosocietyasdefinedinthepassage
A)Afamilybuyingadog.
B)Eatinginarestaurantinsteadofathome.
C)Usinglandforahouseinsteadofapark.
D)Stayingathomeinsteadofgoingtoschool.
PassageTwo
Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.
Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.
Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalcet4v.comleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewellbeingsofasocialgroupsmembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.
Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveothersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit(阻碍)attainmentofthegroupsgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesandtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyarecet4v.compromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.
62.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss
A)Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.
B)Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.
C)Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.
D)Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.
63.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT___________.
A)recruitment
B)formalelectionprocess
C)specificleadershiptraining
D)traditionalculturalpatterns
64.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraph2
A)personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.
B)Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.
C)Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.
D)Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.
65.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inline7,theauthorismakingthepointthat_______.
A)fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”
B)thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist
C)“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofagroup
D)“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics
66.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson________.
A)ensuringharmoniousrelationships
B)sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers
C)identifyingnewleaders
D)achievingagoal
答案与解析：
1.N.该句句意为:美国联邦调查局确切知道计算机犯罪造成了多大损失。本题解题依据为本文第二段“EventheFBI,whichattempts…isinvolved”，该句大意为:尽管FBI致力于对各种犯罪的上升和下降有清晰认识，但并不能精确说明损失多大，所以与原文之意不合。
2.Y.该句句意为:计算机拥有者很容易利用大量计算机数据库，本题解题依据为第二段最后一段话“…theeasyaccessofmicrocomputerstocet4v.combases.”与原文之义吻合。
4.N.该句句意为:许多公司不举报计算机犯罪是因为法律诉讼通常花费很多钱。解题依据为本文第九段第一和第二句话，他们不举报是害怕公众发现其计算机系统的弱点而对其丧失信心。据此可确定与原文所述不符。
5.N.该句句意为:当计算机犯罪在满是人的房间里发生时，通常有很多证人指证犯罪。本题解题依据为本文第六段第一句话，该句大意为:即使计算机犯罪发生在满是人的房间里，通常也无证人。据此可知该句所述之义与原文不符。
7.NG.该句句意为:计算机犯罪上升是因为有更多便宜的计算机。本文第二段用a，b，c列出了计算机犯罪增加的三大原因，其中并未提及计算机便宜这一点。
8.twelve答案依据为第二段第一句话。
10.customertrust答案依据为本文第九段最后一句话。
PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)SectionA
47.Dfeel是一个系动词，可以判断此处应填入一个形容词，通过上下文意思，以及后面介词about,可以确定选项为D项guilty,短语feelguiltyaboutsth.“对…感到有愧”。全句的意思为“我们很爱吃，但是往往在吃完之后又有负罪感”。
48.Mbeobsessedwith为固定搭配，原意为“被…附上/缠住/迷住心窍”，放在本句表示“十分重视”。全句的意思为“我们很关心健康和减肥，但肥胖却又空前地在蔓延”。
49.A本句缺一个名词作主语，并且根据和介词to的搭配，可以推断出正确选项answer。
50.I本句根据more和ways可以判断出需要填入一个形容词构成比较级，根据上下文，表示“旨在禁止酗酒的禁酒令，却激发了更多新奇的方法来酗酒”，可以确定I为正确选项。
51.F本题较难。根据be和by确定应填入一个过去分词。再根据上下文，上文表示“应该吃典型的美国人吃的食物”，下文通过but转折，表示实际上“美国的食物已经被诸如比萨和热狗这样的舶来品所诠释了”，因此可以确定F为正确选项。
53.L由于横线后面没有宾语，可以确定不是形成bring的短语，这样本句所缺的为一名词，做bring的宾语。根据下文解释，“美国人对他们所吃的食物的态度是矛盾的”，可以推出本句意义为“坚定的观点也不是确定不变的”。因此可以确定L为正确选项。
54.K系动词become后应填入一个形容词，和后面介词of形成短语be/becomesuspiciousof“对…感到怀疑”。
55.J本句缺一个名词作主语，并且根据和介词in的搭配，可以推断出正确选项belief，“(have)beliefinsth.”相信…。
58.C细节归纳题。第二段中“Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsocietysavailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.”说明机会成本是用可生产的其他商品来衡量的，选项C正好符合该意思。
59.D细节归纳题。第一段“Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.”说明社会总资源是有限的，用掉其中一些就会使总量减少并限制其他商品的生产。
61.C推断题。文主要阐述了经济学里面的一个重要概念——“机会成本”，是讲商品生产和社会资源之间的关系。A、B、D均未涉及到生产领域，只有C符合本文的主旨。
62.D主旨题。本篇主要讨论不同的领导者(如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders)在不同的社会群体中所充当的角色和发挥的功能。所以D是正确答案。A、B、C选项都不能正确概括本文主旨。
63.C细节理解题。A选项的招募(recruitment)和B选项选举程序(electionprocess)都在第一段中作为大群体的领导者产生的方式被明确提到。D选项也在第一段中作为家庭领导者的产生的方式被明确提到。只有C选项没有作为产生领导者的一种方式在本文中被提及。
65.B细节理解题。第二段中“…decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof‘naturalleaders’”意思是说数十年来的研究并不能找出可靠证据来证明那些人可以成为“天生领导者”，与B项意思一致。
66.D细节理解题。第三、四段主要讲了两种类型的领导者的区别。其中instrumentalleader侧重于群体目标的实现，而expressiveleader相对于前者并不侧重于群体目标的实现，而是注重为群体成员提供情感支持，并尽力减少内部纷争。(Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.)
12月大学英语四级全真模拟题2
快速阅读
Ifitweren’tfornicotine,peoplewouldn’tsmoketobacco.WhyBecauseofthemorethan4000chemicalsintobaccosmoke,nicotineistheprimaryonethatactsonthebrain,alteringpeople’smoods,appetitesandalertnessinwaystheyfindpleasantandbeneficial.Unfortunately,asitiswidelyknown,nicotinehasadarkside:itishighlyaddictive.Oncesmokersbecomehookedonit,theymustgettheirfixofitregularly,sometimesseveraldozentimesaday.Cigarettesmokecontains43knowncarcinogens,whichmeansthatlong-termsmokingcanamounttoadeathsentence.IntheUSalone,420,000Americansdieeveryyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses.
Breakingnicotineaddictionisnoteasy.Eachyear,nearly35millionpeoplemakeaconcertedefforttoquitsmoking.Sadly,lessthan7percentsucceedinabstainingformorethanayear;moststartsmokingagainwithindays.Sowhatisnicotineandhowdoesitinsinuateitselfintothesmoker’sbrainandverybeing
Thenicotinefoundintobaccoisapotentdrugcet4v.com,andevensomescientists,sayitofferscertainbenefits.Oneisenhanceperformance.Onestudyfoundthatnon-smokersgivendosesofnicotinetypedabout5percentfasterthantheydidwithoutit.Togreaterorlesserdegrees,usersalsosaynicotinehelpsthemtomaintainconcentration,reduceanxiety,relievepain,andevendampentheirappetites(thushelpinginweightcontrol).Unfortunately,nicotinecanalsoproduceriouseffectsbeyondaddiction.Athighdoses,asareachievedfromtobaccoproducts,itcancausehighbloodpressure,distressintherespiratoryandgastrointestinalsystemsandanincreaseinsusceptibilitytoseizuresandhypothermia.
Firstisolatedasacompoundin1828,initspureformnicotineisaclearliquidthatturnsbrownwhenburnedandsmellsliketobaccowhenexposedtoair.Itisfoundinseveralspeciesofplants,includingtobaccoand,perhapssurprisingly,intomatoes,potatoes,andeggplant(thoughinextremelylowquantitiesthatarepharmacologicallyinsignificantforhumans).
Capillariesnormallycarrynutrientsbuttheyreadilyaccommodatenicotinemoleculesaswell.Onceinsidethebrain,nicotine,likemostaddictivedrugs,triggersthereleaseofchemicalsassociatedwitheuphoriaandpleasure.
Justasitmovesrapidlyfromthelungsintothebloodstream,nicotinealsoeasilydiffusesthroughcapillarywalls.Itthenmigratestothespacessurroundingneurones–ganglioncellsthattransmitnerveimpulsesthroughoutthenervoussystem.Theseimpulsesarethebasisforourthoughts,feelings,andmoods.Totransmitnerveimpulsestoitsneighbour,aneuronereleaseschemicalmessengersknownasneurotransmitters.Likenicotinemolecules,theneurotransmittersdriftintotheso-calledsynapticspacebetweenneurones,readytolatchontothereceivingneuroneandthusdeliverachemical“message”thattriggersanelectricalimpulse.
Theneurotransmittersbindontoreceptorsonthesurfaceoftherecipientneurone.Thisopenschannelsinthecellsurfacethroughwhichenterions,orchargedatoms,ofsodium.Thisgeneratesacurrentacrossthemembraneofthereceivingcell,whichcompletesdeliveryofthe“message”.Anaccomplishedmimic,nicotinecompeteswiththeneurotransmitterstobindtothereceptors.Itwinsand,likethevanquishedchemical,opensionchannelsthatletsodiumionsintothecell.Butthere’salotmorenicotinearoundthantheoriginaltransmitter,soamuchlargercurrentspreadsacrossthemembrane.Thisbiggercurrentcausesincreasedelectricalimpulsestotravelalongcertainneurones.Withrepeatedsmoking,theneuronesadapttothisincreasedelectricalactivity,andthesmokerbecomesdependentonthenicotine.
Questions1–7
1.Althoughnicotineisprobablythewell-knownchemicalincigarettes,itisnotnecessarilytheonethatchangesthepsycheofthesmokerwhencigarettesaresmoked.
2.Inspiteofthedifficulties,accordingtothetextmorethanthirty-fivemillionpeopleayeargiveupsmoking.
3.Ithasbeenshownthatnicotineincigarettescanimprovepeople’sabilitiestoperformsomeactionsmorequickly.
4.Addedammoniaincigarettesallowssmokerstoinhalemorenicotine.
5.Snortedsubstancesreachthebrainfasterthaninjectedsubstances.
6.Nicotinedilatesthebloodvesselsthatcarryitaroundthebody.
7.Nicotinemoleculesallowgreaterelectricalchargestopassbetweenneurones.
key:
1.N2.N3.Y4.Y5.N6.N7.Y
二、词汇选项
Questions8-10
8.Cigarettecompanieswouldhavetocutthenicotinecontentincigarettesby_________topreventthemfrombeingaddictive.
9.Accordingtothepassage,acigarettecanraiseasmoker’sheartrateby_________aminute.
10.Inordertotransmitnerveimpulsestoitsneighbour,aneuronesends_________knownasneurotransmitters.
8.95%9.10-20beats10.chemicalmessengers
Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththe1computerinbusinessclass.Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover1002thatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference.Thesourceofthisinterference3unconfirmed,butincreasingly,expertsarepointingtheblameatportableelectronicdevicesuchasportablecomputers,radioandcassetteplayersandmobiletelephones.
RTCA,anorganizationwhichadvisestheaviation(航空)industry,hasrecommendedthatallairlinesban(禁止)suchdevicesfrombeingusedduring“4”stagesofflight,5take-offandlanding.Someexpertshavegonefurther,callingforatotalbanduringallflights.Currently,rulesonusingthesedevicesareleftuptoindividualairlines.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostare6toenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.
Thedifficultyis7howelectromagneticfieldsmightaffectanaircraft’scomputers.Expertsknowthatportabledeviceemitradiationwhich8thosewavelengthswhichaircraftusefornavigationandcommunication.But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.
Thefactthataircraftmaybevulnerable(易受损的)tocet4v.comtheriskthatterroristsmayuseradiosystemsinordertodamagenavigation9.Asworrying,though,isthepassengerwhocan’theartheinstructionstoturnoffhisradiobecausethemusic’stoo10.
A)definite
B)incidents
C)effects
D)remains
E)critical
F)particularly
G)reluctant
H)refreshing
I)portable
J)enormous
K)predicting
L)liberal
M)affects
N)equipment
O)loud
1.I)2.B)3.D)4.E)5.F)6.G)7.K)8.M)9.N)10.O)
三、改错题
Mostpeopleworktoearnalivingandtheyproducegoodsandservices.Goodsareeitheragricultural(likemaize)ormanufactured(likecars).Servicesaresuchthingslikeeducation,1._________medicine,andcommerce.Thesepeopleprovide2.__________goods;someprovideservices.Otherpeopleprovidebothgoodsorservices.Forexample,inthesame3.__________garageamanmaybuyacarorsomeservicewhichhelpshimmaintainhiscar.Theworkpeopledoiscalledaseconomic4.__________activity.Alleconomicactivitiestakentogethermakeuptheeconomicsystemofatown,acity,acountry,ortheworld.Sucheconomicsystemisthesum-total5.__________ofwhatpeopledoandwhattheywant.Theworkpeopledoeitherprovideswhattheyneedorprovidesthemoneywiththattheycanbuyessential6.__________commodities.Ofcourse,mostpeoplehopetohaveenoughmoneytobuycommoditiesandserviceswhichareessentialbutwhichprovidesomeparticular7.__________personalsatisfaction,suchastoysforchildren,visits8.__________thecinema,andbooks.
Thescienceofeconomicsisbasicuponthefacts9.__________ofoureverydaylives.Economistscet4v.comlivesandthegenerallifeofourcommunitiesinordertounderstandthewholeeconomicsystemofwhichweareapart.Theytrytodescribethefactsoftheeconomyinwhichwelive,andtoexplainhowitworks.Theeconomistmethodsshouldofcoursebe10.__________strictlyobjectiveandscientific.
1.like→as
2.Those→Some
3.or→and
4.calledas→call
5.Such→Suchan
6.that→which
7.essential→nonessentialor+not
8.visits→visitsto
9.basic→based
10.economist→economists
四、翻译题
1.Alotofpeoplenowadayshavemuscularproblemsintheneck,theshouldersandtheback_______________(主要是由于工作中的压力和紧张造成的).
2.Morethan3millionchildrenhavehealthinsurancenow,and___________________________(超过250万的家庭已经摆脱贫困).
3.______________________(除主席之外的所有董事会成员都投票赞成我的建议)tosetupabranchofficeinthesuburbs.
4.Theemergenceofe-commerceandthefast-growingInterneteconomyare________________(为中国的国内外贸易提供了新的增长机遇).
5.Thepopulationofelderlypeopleisincreasingrapidlybecausepeoplearelivinglongerthanbefore._____________________(发达国家尤为如此).
1.mainlyduetostressandtensionintheirwork
2.morethantwoandahalfmillionfamilieshavebeenliftedoutofpoverty
3.AlltheboardmembersexcepttheChairmanvotedformyproposal
4.providingnewgrowthopportunitiesforChinascet4v.comtrade
5.Thisisespeciallytrueofdevelopedcountries
PartⅡReadingComprehension(35minutes)
Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.
Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Increasingly,overthepasttenyears,people—especiallyyoungpeople—havebecomeawareoftheneedtochangetheireatinghabits,becausemuchofthefoodtheyeat,particularlyprocessedfoods,isnotgoodforhealth.Consequently,therehasbeenagrowinginterestinnaturalfoods:foodswhichdonotcontainchemicaladditivesandwhichhavenotbeenaffectedbychemicalfertilizerswidelyusedinfarmingtoday.
Naturalfoods,forexample,arevegetables,fruitandgrainwhichhavebeengrowninsoilthatisrichinorganicmatter.Insimpleterms,thismeansthatthesoilhasbeennourishedbyunusedvegetablematter,whichprovidesitwithessentialvitaminsandminerals.Thisinitselfisanaturalprocesscomparedwiththeuseofchemicalsandfertilizers,themainpurposeofwhichistoincreasetheamountbutnotthequalityoffoodsgrownincommercialfarmingareas.
Naturalfoodsalsoincludeanimalswhichhavebeenallowedtofeedandmovefreelyinhealthypastures.Comparethiswithwhathappensinthemassproductionofpoultry:therearebatteryfarms,forexample,wherethousandsofchickenslivecrowdedtogetherinonebuildingandarefedonfoodwhichislittlebetterthanrubbish.Chickenskeptinthiswayarenotonlytastelessasfood;butalsoproduceeggswhichlackimportantvitamins.
Thereareotheraspectsofhealthyeatingwhicharenowreceivingincreasingattentionfromexpertsondiet.Take,forexample,thequestionofsugar.Thisisactuallyanonessentialfood!Althoughanaturalalternative,suchashoney,canbeusedtosweetenfoodifthisnecessary,wecaninfactdowithoutit.Itisnotthatsugarisharmfulinitself.Butitdoesseemtobeadditive:thequantityweusehasgrownsteadilyoverthelastcenturiesandinBritaintodayeachpersonconsumesanaverageof200poundsayear!Yetallitdoesisprovideuswithenergy,intheformofcalories.Therearenovitaminsinit,nomineralsandnofiber.
Itissignificantthatnowadaysfiberisconsideredtobeanimportantpartofahealthydiet.Inwhitebread,forexample,thefiberhasbeenremoved.Butitispresentinunrefinedflourandofcourseinvegetables.Itisinterestingtonotethatincountrieswherethenationaldietcontainslargequantitiesofunrefinedflourandvegetables,certaindiseasesarecomparativelyrare.Hencetheemphasisisplacedontheeatingofwholemealbreadandmorevegetablesbymodernexpertson“healthyeating”.
21.Whichstatementbestexpressesthemainideaofthisarticle
A)Peopleshouldeatanyfoodtokeepthemselveshealthyandstrong.
B)Peopleshouldeatnaturalfoodstokeepthemselveshealthyandstrong.
C)Peopleshouldeatfiberfoodstokeepthemselveshealthyandstrong.
D)Peopleshouldeatvegetablestokeepthemselveshealthyandstrong.
22.“Particularlyprocessedfoods”means____.
A)foodswhichareparticularlyprocessedbyaddingchemicaladditives
B)foodswhichareparticularlymadebycommercialfarms
C)foodswhicharespeciallyproducedbycommercialfactories
D)foodswhicharenotspeciallymadebyaddinganything
23.Naturalfoodsmeans____.
A)foodsgoodforhealth
B)foodsnotgoodforhealth
C)foodssuchasvegetables,fruitandgrainfromrichorganicmatterssoil
D)cropsfromrichorganicmatterssoilandmeatsofanimalsfromhealthypastures
24.Therearenovitamins,nomineralsandnofibersin____.
A)naturalfoodsC)sugar
B)animalmeatsD)fruit
25.“Yetallitdoesisprovideuswithenergy,intheformofcalories.”Itmeans____.
A)processedfoodprovidesuswithenergy
B)naturalfoodfurnishesuswithvitaminsandminerals
C)sugargivesusenoughenergyintheformofcalories
D)fiberhelpsustodigestfood
Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Withatremendousroarfromitsrocketengine,thesatelliteissentupintothesky.Minuteslater,atanaltitudeof300miles,thistinyelectronicmoonbeginstoorbitabouttheearth.Itsradiobeginstotransmitanastonishingamountofinformationaboutthesatellitesorbitalpath,theamountofradiationitdetects,andthepresenceofmeteorites.Informationofallkindsracesbacktotheearth.Nohumanbeingcouldpossiblycopydownallthesefacts,muchlessrememberandorganizethem.Butanelectroniccomputercan.
Themarvelofthemachineage,theelectroniccomputerhasbeeninuseonlysince1946.Itcandosimplecomputations—add,subtract,multiplyanddivide—withlightingspeedandperfectaccuracy.Somecomputerscanwork500,000timesfasterthananypersoncan.
Onceitisgivena“program”—thatis,acarefullyworkedoutsetofinstructionsdevisedbyatechniciantrainedincomputerlanguage—acomputercagatherawiderangeofinformationformanypurposes.Forthescientistitcangetinformationfromouterspaceorfromthedepthoftheocean.Inbusinessandindustrythecomputerpreparesfactoryinventories,keepstrackofsalestrendsandproductionneeds,mailsdividendchecks,andmakesoutcompanypayrolls.Itcankeepbankaccountsuptodateandmakeoutelectricbills.Ifyouareplanningatripbyplane,thecomputerwillfindoutwhattotakeandwhatspaceisavailable.
Notonlycanthecomputergatherfacts,itcanalsostorethemasfastastheyaregatheredandcanpourthemoutwhenevertheyareneeded.Thecomputerisreallyahighpowered“memory”machinethat“hasalltheanswers”—oralmostall.Besidesgatheringandstoringinformation,thecomputercanalsosolvecomplicatedproblemsthatoncetookmonthsforpeopletodo.
Attimescomputersseemalmosthuman.Theycan“read”handprintedletters,playchess,composemusic,writeplaysandevendesignothercomputers.Isitanywonderthattheyaresometimescalled“thinking”machines
Eventhoughtheyaretakingoversomeofthetasksthatwereonceaccomplishedbyourownbrains,computersarenotreplacingusatleastnotyet.Ourbrainhasmorethan10millioncells.Acomputerhasonlyafewhundredthousandparts.
Forsometimetocome,then,wecansafelysaythatourbrainsareatleast10,000timesmorecomplexthanacomputer.Howweusethemisforus,notthecomputer,todecide.
26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthorthinksanelectroniccomputercan____.
A)copydownallthefacts
B)rememberallthefacts
C)organizethefactsandeverything
D)copydown,rememberandorganizeallthefacts
27.“Program”means____.
A)aplanofwhatistobedone
B)acompleteshowonaTVstationatafixedtimetable
C)ascheduledperformance
D)seriesofcodedinstructionstocontroltheoperationsofacomputer
28.Thecomputerisahighpowered“memory”machine,which____.
A)hasallthereadyanswers—oralmostalltoanyquestions
B)canremembereverything
C)canstoreeverythingandworkforyou
D)hasalltheanswers—oralmosttoalltheinformationthathasbeenstored
29.“Thinking”machinessuggestthat____.
A)theycan“read”handprintedlettersetc
B)theyreallycanthinkanddomanyotherjobs
C)theyevendesignothercomputers
D)theycantthink,butcandosomethingunderhumancontrol
30.CancomputersdowhatevertheywanttodoWhy
A)Yes,becausesomecomputerscanwork500,000timesfasterthananypersoncan.
B)No,becausetheynormallyhaveafewhundredthousandparts.
C)No,becausehumanbrainsareatleast10000timesmorecomplexthananycomputers.
D)No,becausehowacomputerworksisdecidedbyhuman.
Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
NooneexpressedthisattitudemorestronglythanNoahWebster.
BornnearNartford,Connecticut,hereceivedhiseducationatYaleCollegeandlaterbegantopractiselaw.Butbusinessinthisprofessionwasslow,andhewasforcedtoturntoteaching.Asateacher,hesoondiscoveredthattheEnglishschoolbookstheninusewereunsatisfactory,andtheAmericanRevolutionreducedthesupplyofsuchbooksastherewere.WebsterthereforebegantoworkonthreesimplebooksonEnglish,aspellingbook,agrammar,andareader,andthesewerethefirstbooksoftheirkindtobepublishedinthiscountry.Thesuccessofthefirst
31.Websterfirsttriedtoearnhislivinginthefieldof____.
A)educationC)law
B)journalismD)medicine
32.Websterearnedmostofhismoneyfromthesaleofhis____.
A)dictionaryof1828C)grammar
B)spellingbookD)reader
33.ApparentlyWebsterpublishedhisfirstbookswhilehewasa
____.
A)teacherC)lawyer
B)studentD)doctor
34.Thisarticlecouldbeentitled____.
A)NoahWebsterandAmericanEnglishSpelling
B)NoahWebster,theauthorofAnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage
C)NoahWebster
D)NoahWebsterandAmericanEnglishGrammar
35.Accordingtothearticle,Webster____.
A)hadcreatedAmericanEnglishanditsusages
B)haddiscoveredAmericanEnglishandimprovedit
C)hadtriedhisbestandleftamilestoneonthelanguageofhiscountry
D)hadleftalanguagewhichwasnotusedinEngland.
Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Onceuponatime,theUnitedStatesseemedtohaveplentyoflandtogoaround.Plentyofriverstodamandplentyofruralvalleysleftover.Plentyofspaceforparksandfactories.Plentyofforeststocutandgrasslandstoplow.Butthatwasonceuponatime.Thedaysofunusedlandareover.Nowthelandhasbeen
spokenfor,fencedoff,carvedupintocitiesandfarmsandindustrialparks,puttouse.
Atthesametime,thepopulationkeepsgrowing.Peopleneedplacestoworkandplacestoplay.Soweneedmoresitesformoreindustries,morebeachesformoresunbathers,andmorecleanriversformorefishers.Anditisntjustamatterofpopulationgrowth.Ourmoderntechnologyhasneedsthatmustbemet,too.Weneedmorecoalforenergy,andweneedmorepowerplants;carsmusthavehighwaysandparkinglots,andjetsmusthaveairports.
Eachoftheselandusesswallowsuppreciousspace.Highwaysandexpresswaysalonetakesome200,000acreseachyear.Andurbansprawl—thespreadingoutofcities—isexpectedtogobbleupvastareasoflandbytheyear2,000.Butthereisonlysomuchlandtogoaround.Itisalwayshardtodecide.Take,forexample,aforest.Aforestcanbeatimbersupply.Itcanprovideahomeforwildlife.
Itissceneryandarecreationareaforman.Itissoilandwatershedprotection.
36.“…theUnitedStatesseemedtohaveplentyoflandtogoaround”
meansthat____.
A)theUnitedStatesseemedtohavevastlandforitspeopletowalkaround
B)theUnitedStatesseemedtohaveenoughlandforsharingwitheveryone
C)theUnitedStatescouldprovidewhateveritsinhabitentsneeds
D)theUnitedStateswasnotabletoallowitspeopletodowhattheywantedto
37.Thesentenceof“Plentyofriverstodamandplentyofruralvalleysleftover”suggeststhat____.
A)theUnitedStateshadalotofriverstodamandmanyruralvalleys,too
B)theriverscouldbedamedlater
C)ruralvalleyswouldbeconsideredinthefuture
D)peopleneedntthinkoftheriversandvalleys
38.“Nowthelandhasbeenspokenfor,…”tellsusthat____.
A)today,landhasshownitsvalues
B)now,peoplehavesaidsomethingaboutland
C)nowadays,landhasbeenclaimedbyhumanbeings
D)recently,peoplespokefortheland
39.Thephraseof“swallowsup”informedusthat____.
A)theseusagesoflandhavegoodresults
B)theselandsmustbeusedtotally
C)thepreciousspacewastakencompletely
D)thepreciousspacewereeatenup
40.Theword“sprawl”indicatesthat____.
A)citiesaredevelopingveryfasttomeetthepeoplesdemands
B)urbanareasarediminishingsmoothly
C)urbanareasareenlargingsteadilyinaplannedway
D)citiesarespreadingoutwithoutanyplans
PartⅢVocabularyandStructure(20minutes)
Directions:Thereare30incompletesentencesinthispart.Foreach
sentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Choosetheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.
41.Sofrightened____indarknessthatshedidnotdaretomoveaninch.
A)wasthegirlC)suchagirlwas
B)thegirlwasD)thatthegirlwas
42.Thestudents____theexercises,theteacherwentontoexplainthetext.
A)doingC)havingdone
B)didD)todo
43.Theytalkedaboutthingsandpersons____theyrememberedintheschool.
A)whoC)that
B)whichD)what
44.Suchanobviouserror____thiswouldbeavoided,ifyouweremorecareful.
A)likeC)as
B)withD)of
45.Theyremainedfullofhopeanddetermination____theirrepeatedfailures.
A)insteadofC)becauseof
B)insearchofD)inspiteof
46.Thecar____seventymilesperhouruntilitreachestheriversideatabouttenoclocktonight.
A)goesC)went
B)willgoD)willbegoing
47.Hekeptrubbingthechilduntil____hefellasleep.
A)longafterC)beforelong
B)soonafterD)longbefore
48.____hisyouthandinexperience,heisnotsuitableforthejob.
A)SeeingC)Havingseen
B)SeenD)Tosee
49.Whenyou____thetest,checkyourpapersbeforeyouhandthemin.
A)willfinishC)willhavefinished
B)arefinishingD)havefinished
50.Iaminterestedin____youhavetoldme.
A)whichC)that
B)allwhatD)allthat
51.Nootherqualityismoreimportantforascientisttoacquire
____toobservecarefully.
A)asC)and
B)thanD)but
52.Theywerejustabouttogiveupthequestion,____suddenlytheyfoundtheanswer.
A)asC)when
B)whileD)themoment
53.Itwas____thenthatIcametoknowthatknowledgecomesfrompractice.
A)untilC)till
B)notuntilD)since
54.Theworldssuppliesofpetroleum____.
A)havebeengraduallybeingexhausted
B)havegraduallyexhausted
C)aregraduallyexhausted
D)arebeinggraduallyexhausted
55.Everythingdependson____wehaveenoughtime.
A)ifC)whether
B)whenD)that
56.Idjustassoon____rudelytoher.
A)younotspeakC)youdidntspeak
B)yournotspeakingD)youhadntspoken
57.Theconcertwassointerestingthatweallfeltitended____soon.
A)buttooC)very
B)onlytooD)too
58.Theroarofthecrowdfinally____toamurmur.
A)reducedC)decreased
B)diminishedD)cutdown
59.Itsverydiscourteousto____duringsomeonesconversation.
A)inspectC)interfere
B)interruptD)instruct
60.Sometimeseventhesmallestthingwillupsetan____person.
A)annoyedC)irritable
B)irritatedD)angry
61.Theconversationwassointerestingthatwewere____ofthelatenessofthehour.
A)negligibleC)irrelevant
B)inattentiveD)oblivious
62.Therainbowisoneofthemostbeautiful____innature.
A)phenomenonC)appearance
B)phenomenaD)experience
63.Itis____thatnowadaysfiberisconsideredtobeanimportantpartofahealthydiet.
A)seriousC)significant
B)greatD)vital
64.Theperformancewillbegin____ateightthirty.
A)preciselyC)accordingly
B)consequentlyD)exceedingly
65.Mr.Smith,achemistryteacher,neverstops____newandbetterwaystoimprovehisteaching.
A)discoveringC)searchingfor
B)lookingforD)findingout
66.Peoplegreatlydiffer____theirviewsoflife.
A)fromC)at
B)toD)in
67.ThegeographicallocationofHubeiisquitefavorableforagriculturalproduction.Its____thelandoffishandrice.
A)famousforC)knownas
B)knownbyD)knownto
68.Theofficialscalledforanimmediate____todeterminethecauseoftheaccident.
A)investigationC)notification
B)preparationD)obligation
69.Peopleusually____certainfoodsbykeepingtheminarefrigeratororfreezer.
A)storeC)keep
B)holdD)preserve
70.Thegirlcarefully____everymispelledwordonthepage.
A)surroundedC)encircled
B)drawD)place
PartⅣTranslationfromEnglishintoChinese(15minutes)
Directions:Inthispart,therearefiveitemswhichyoushouldtranslateintoChinese,eachitemconsistingofoneortwosentences.ThesesentencesarealltakenfromtheReadingPassagesyouhavejustreadintheReadingComprehensionoftheTestPaper.Youcanreferbacktothepassagessoastoidentifytheirmeaningsinthecontext.
71.Increasingly,overthepasttenyears,people—especiallyyoungpeople—havebecomeawareoftheneedtochangetheireatinghabitsbecausemuchofthefoodtheyeat,particularlyprocessedfoods,isnotgoodforhealth.(Passage1,Paragraph1)
72.Itisinterestingtonotethatincountrieswherethenationaldietcontainslargequantitiesofunrefinedflourandvegetables,certaindiseasesarecomparativelyrare.(Passage1,Paragraph5)
73.Notonlycanthecomputergatherfacts,itcanalsostorethemasfastastheyaregatheredandcanpourthemoutwhenevertheyareneeded.(Passage2,Paragraph4)
74.Forsometimetocome,thenwecansafelysaythatourbrainsareatleast10000timesmorecomplexthanacomputer.Howtousethemisforus,notthecomputer,todecide.(Passage2,Paragraph6)
75.Fromaprofitoflessthanonecentacopy,Webstergotmostofhisincomefortherestofhislife.(passage3)
PartⅤWriting(30minutes)
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic“Advertising”.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.
参考答案：
PartⅡ
1
短文大意
人们越来越多地意识到需要改变饮食习惯，而对天然的食物表现出更多的兴趣，因为天然食物不含化学添加剂，没有被化肥污染。天然食物，像蔬菜，水果和谷类生长在土壤里。富含有机物，能提供人体所需的维生素和矿物质，而化肥的使用没有顾及到食物的质量而是数量。天然食品还包括那些可以自由活动在良好牧场的动物，而那种大量生产家禽的农场里生产的鸡和蛋都缺少重要的维生素，而且不那么美味。关于饮食健康，专家们逐渐注意到一些另外的方面，如糖的问题。糖的人均消耗量逐年上升，但糖只以热量的形式提供能量，并不含维生素，矿物质和纤维，如今纤维被认为是健康饮食的重要组成部分。
21.答案B。
【参考译文】下面哪一项最好地表达了本文的主要内容
【试题分析】此题考查对全文主旨的理解。
22.答案A。
【参考译文】“特别是加工食品”，意思是“特别是加了化学添加剂的食品”。
【试题分析】此题考查细节理解。
23.答案D。
【参考译文】天然食品是指……
答案。
24.答案C。
【参考译文】不含维生素、矿物质，也不含纤维的是……
【试题分析】此题考查细节。
25.答案C。
【参考译文】“然而糖所能做的就是以卡路里(热量单位)的形式，给我们提供能量”。
【试题分析】本题为结合上下文理解细节题。
【详细解答】由上下文可知，句中的“it”指代的是“糖”，而非其他。
2
火箭将卫星发射到天空，几分钟之后，在300英里的高度上，这一微型电子月球就开始绕地球运行，并迅速地向地球回送各种信息。人类本身没法复制所有这些信息，更不能记住并整理这些信息，而电子计算机却能，电子计算机自1946年开始运用，可以以光的速度进行精确的计算，比人的速度快50万倍。一旦输入某种程序，计算机可以收集大范围的信息，科学家可利用它获得太空或海洋深处的信息;在商业，工业，银行等部门，计算机能提供各种不同的服务。计算机不仅能收集信息，还能尽快地储存信息，一旦需要，就能输出这些信息，还能解决复杂的问题。有时计算机几乎跟人一样，可以辨认手写的字，可以下棋，作曲，写剧本;甚至设计别的计算机，有时被称为“有思维的机器”也不奇怪。尽管如此计算机还是代替不了人类，人类大脑比计算机至少复杂上万倍，如何使用计算机是由我们而不是由计算机决定。
26.答案D。
【参考译文】第一段中，作者认为电子计算机能够……
【试题分析】此题为段落大意理解题。
此题答案。
27.答案D。
【参考译文】文中“program”一词的意思是……
【试题分析】此题考查对长句子信息的把握。
28.答案D。
【参考译文】计算机是一种大功率储存器，它……
【试题分析】此题为细节理解题。
【详细解答】计算机是大功率储存器,它能提供一切有关它所储存了的信息的答案。另外，由第四段第二句话可以找出此题的答案。
29.答案D。
【参考译文】“善于思考”的机器，意味着……
【试题分析】本题为细节理解题。
30.答案D。
【参考译文】计算机想做什么就能做什么吗为什么
【试题分析】本题为判断题。
3
31.答案C。
【参考译文】Webster开始是靠当律师维持生计的。
【试题分析】此题为细节题。
32.答案B。
【试题分析】此题为寻找具体信息题。
33.答案A。
【参考译文】显然当Webster还是教师的时候就出版了他的第一批著作。
【试题分析】此题为直接推测题。
【详细解答】此题可用排除法。文中没有提到doctor一词，所以很容易排除。文中也没提到他在当学生期间的贡献或成就，他开始是律师，但后来改行当了教师，是在执教期间写的书。
34.答案C。
【参考译文】本文的标题可能是……
【详细解答】N.Webster只有这个题目能包含和反映全文的一切内容。
35.答案C。
【参考译文】根据本文所述，Webster付出了最大努力，在美国英语发展史上树立了一个里程牌。
【试题分析】此题为判断题。
【详细解答】此题可用排除法。A不对，因为文中并没有提出Webster创造出美国英语及其用途，他只是想表明美国英语与英国英语存在着区别。B也不对，因为文中没提及他改进了美国英语。D在文中也没有提到，而且根据常识也可判断D错。
4
断增长，所以需要更多的场所，工作和娱乐。但问题不只包括人口增长，还包括满足现代技术的需要：更多的煤提供能量，更多的电厂，有汽车又须有高速公路，停车场，有飞机须有机场。宝贵的空间完全被占用了。仅公路就每年占用20万英亩的土地，城市向郊区的蔓延侵吞了大面积的土地。尽管如此，但是有那么多土地可供利用，因此很难决定该如何利用。例如森林，可以提供木材，也可以是野生动物的活动场所，可以作为人类娱乐场所和风景点，还可以有利于保护水土流失。
36.答案B。
【试题分析】此题考查难句的理解。
【详细解答】句中关键词组“goaround”意为“beenoughforeveryone”，而不是“walkaround”的意思，所以选B。
37.答案A。
【参考译文】句子“还有很多河流和峡谷”意指……
【试题分析】此题考查对上下文的理解。
【详细解答】这实际上是由两个名词短语plentyofrivers和plentyofruralvalleys组成，“todam”和“leftover”分别是动词不定式和过去分词短语修饰前面的两个词组，这里所表达的意思是美国还有很多河流可以在其上筑坝还剩下有许多峡谷可以利用。
38.答案C。
【参考译文】“现在一切土地都有其主了”告诉我们……
【详细解答】句中词组“speakforsth.”常用于被动语态，意思是“gettherighttosth.inadvance;reserve”，另外，根据上下文，运用排除法，可以确定选C。
39.答案C。
【参考译文】通过词组“swallowsup(完全占用)”我们知道宝贵的空间完全被占用。
【试题分析】此题考查句意理解。
【详细解答】词组“swallowup”意思是“useupcompletely;causetodisappear”。
40.答案D。
【参考译文】“sprawl”这个单词表明城市的扩张没有任何计划。
【试题分析】此题考查单词在上下文中的含义。
【详细解答】“sprawl”意思是“spreadoutungracefullyoverawidearea”。所以这个词在此表明城市扩张没有规划好。
PartⅢ
41.答案A。
【参考译文】那女孩在黑暗中十分害怕，不敢挪动半步。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查倒装句。
【详细解答】以副词so,often,always,then,now等开头的句子要用倒装词序。
42.答案C。
【参考译文】学生做完练习，老师接着讲解课文。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查独立主格结构。
【详细解答】分词的逻辑主语与主语(theteacher)不一致，这种独立结构，在句中通常作状语，现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中表示该动作在谓语动作之前发生。故A，B和D都不对。
43.答案C。
【参考译文】他们谈论了一些他们想起来的学校里的人和事。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查定语从句的引导词。
【详细解答】定语从句中的关系代词that常用于下列几种情况：1)先行词中含有人和物时;2)先行词为anything,everything,all等不定代词;3)先行词被any,no,every,little,much所修饰;4)先行词被序数词所修饰时;5)先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时。
44.答案C。
【参考译文】像这样明显的错误，如果你仔细一点是不会发生的。
【试题分析】此题考查固定搭配。
【详细解答】suchas连用表示，像……样的,such是形容词修饰error,as是关系代词引导定语从句“as(is)this”，修饰先行词error。with表示“和”，“跟”，不能与such连用。error前如没有such,可选A，of不能同such连用。
45.答案D。
【参考译文】尽管多次失败，但他们仍然充满希望和决心。
【试题分析】此题为词义辨析题。
【词义辨析】insteadof表示“代替，充当”，后接名词，代词，动名词;insearchof寻找，寻求，后接名词，代词，动名词;inspiteof表示“尽管，不顾”，引出让步状语;becauseof因为，由于，后接名词，代词，动名词。
46.答案D。
【参考译文】汽车每小时计划行驶70公里才能在今晚10点左右到达河边。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查时态。
【详细解答】将来进行时表示预计即将发生的或计划在未来将要发生的动作，含有已经安排好的意思。而一般将来时则表示将来的动作或状态。
47.答案A。
【参考译文】直到孩子入睡很久了，他还在不断地轻拍着孩子。
【试题分析】此题为词组辨析题。
48.答案A。
【参考译文】鉴于太年轻，又没有经验，他不适合做这项工作。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查句子结构。
【详细解答】seeing(that)=since表示“鉴于，看到”，说明一种明显的理由或原因，其后可接名词构成原因状语。
49.答案D。
【参考译文】试题做完后，上交之前检查一下你的试卷。
50.答案D。
【参考译文】我对你告诉我的一切都感兴趣。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查定语从句引导词。
【详细解答】关系代词which,that引导定语从句，其前一定有先行词，据此可排除A，C。what引导从句时，其前不能有名词或代词，故B不可选。allthat中all是先行词，that是关系代词，引导定语从句修饰all。因此只能选用D。
51.答案B。
【参考译文】仔细观察是一个科学家要具备的最重要的品格。或：对科学家而言，没有什么别的品格比观察细致更重要。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查固定搭配。
【详细解答】moreimportant比较级后通常接than;as不能与more连用。and和but是连词;and表示并列，but表示转折。
52.答案C。
【参考译文】他们正打算放弃这个问题，这时突然找到了答案。
【词义辨析】when表示“那时，这时”其前一般有逗号，并列前后两个句子。as,while,当……时候。themoment(=assoonas)都不符合句意。
53.答案B。
【参考译文】直到那时我才逐渐明白知识来自于实践。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查强调句型。
【详细解答】这是一个itis…that强调句型，强调部分是notuntilthen。如果notuntil短语放在句首，句子则用倒装结构。此句notuntil未放于句首，故不用倒装句式。54.答案D。
【参考译文】世界石油储备正在逐渐枯竭。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查被动语态。
【详细解答】现在进行时可以表示一种现在暂时性的动作(即指现阶段的供应情况，以后供应情况怎样则不得而知)。一般现在时则表示过去，现在，将来经常性的短缺。另外“exhaust”一词是及物动词。
55.答案C。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查宾语从句。
【详细解答】if和whether引导宾语从句，通常可互换，但在介词之后通常用whether。如宾语从句置于主句之前，则也要用whether。例如Whetherheenjoysreading,Iwonder。
56.答案C。
【参考译文】我倒宁愿你对她讲话不要那么不客气。
【试题分析】此题为语法题，考查虚拟语气。
【详细解答】wouldjustassoon(=wouldrather,hadrather或hadjustassoon)意为“宁愿”后接从句时，其从句谓语动词要用一般过去时表示虚拟语气。
57.答案A。
【参考译文】这场音乐会太有趣了，我们都觉得结束太快了。
【试题分析】此题为词汇题。
【详细解答】onlytoo和very意思大体相同，但onlytoo语气要比very的强些，常与glad,pleased表示感情或意愿的形容词搭配。例如：Imonlytoohappytoassistyou.Buttoo的语气比onlytoo更强，常常带有几分遗憾或可惜的意味。
58.答案B。
【参考译文】人群的吵闹声最终减弱成一种低嘀声。
【详细解答】reduce指在数量，大小，尺寸，速度等级上的减少或降低;diminish指逐渐地变少;decrease使某物变得少;cutdown砍倒，削减。
59.答案B。
【参考译文】打断人家谈话是很不礼貌的行为。
【详细解答】inspect检查，审查;interrupt打扰，打断，指用打断某事或某人说话的方式来打扰;interfere干扰，妨碍，指阻止妨碍某人或某事;instruct指导，教育。
60.答案C。
【参考译文】有时即使是最小的事情也会扰乱易怒的人。
【详细解答】annoyed指被弄得有点发怒，不耐烦;irritated指因为某事的烦扰而生气;irritable指非常容易生气的人;angry指对某事感到不愉快。
61.答案D。
【词义辨析】negligible无关重要的;inattentive不注意的，忽视的，指不能将注意力集中在某一点上;irrelevant不相干的，无关的;oblivious忘记的，不注意的，由于深思、没有注意到而忘记的，忽略了的。
62.答案B。
【参考译文】彩虹是最美的自然现象之一。
【详细解答】phenomena是phenomenon的复数形式;phenomenon现象;appearance外表，出现;experience经验，阅历。
63.答案C。
【参考译文】重要的是现在纤维被认为是健康饮食的重要组成部分。
【试题分析】此题考查词义辨析。
【详细解答】serious严重的，严肃的，强调动作、行为对某事产生紧急或意想不到的后果;great巨大的，高贵的;significant重大的，强调重要的，有意义的，完美的;vital至关重要的，急需的，对有生命事物的至关重要性。
64.答案A。
【参考译文】演出将在八点半准时开始。
【详细解答】precisely确切地，精确地;consequently因而，所以;accordingly相应地;exceedingly极度地，非常地。
65.答案C。
【参考译文】史密斯先生是位化学教师，他从未停止探索新的更好的办法以改进他的教学。
【详细解答】discover发现，探索;lookfor采集，寻找，指寻找自己想得到的东西或想见的人;searchfor探求，搜寻，花费极大的气力搜寻某个特定的目标，为找到某人某物而进行的搜寻;findout查出来，显示，表示通过观察或调查找出原因或发现秘密，错误等。
66.答案D。
【参考译文】人们在生活的观点上很不相同。
【试题分析】此题考查句意理解及词的搭配。
【详细解答】differfrom表示A不同意B或A与B持不同意见，还可以表示一种东西不同于另一种东西;differin表示在某方面不同或持不同意见。
67.答案A。
【参考译文】湖北省的地理位置对农业生产是十分有利的，它以“鱼米之乡”著称。
【详细解答】famousfor表示以某事或某物而出名;knownby表示根据(按照)...而得知的意思;knownas表示以什么身份而出名;knownto表示为某人所知，闻名于某处，其后一般接“人”或地方。
68.答案A。
【参考译文】领导们要求立即展开调查，查明事故的起因。
【详细解答】investigation调查，研究;preparation准备，预备;notification通知，通报;obligation义务，职责。
69.答案D。
【参考译文】人们通常把某些食物放在冰箱里或是冷冻库里储藏。
70.答案C。
【参考译文】那个女孩把那一页上的每个拼写错了的词都划上圈。
【详细解答】surround包围，围绕，指把某物的四周围住;draw绘制，画;encircle环绕，合围，指在某物四周围上一圈;place放置，安插。
PartⅣ
71.【参考译文】过去的十年间，人们——特别是青年人——逐渐意识到需要改变其饮食习惯，因为他们吃的许多食品尤其是精制食品不利于健康。
【翻译技巧】此题需用词性转换法，并调整语序。
【翻译点评】句中increasingly意为“逐渐地，越来越多地”，需要放在become和aware之间来翻译，另外“theneedtochange…”如果译为“改变……的需要”就没有译成“需要改变……”来得直接，通畅。
72.【参考译文】一种有趣的现象表明，只要人们的饮食含有大量的粗面粉和蔬菜，某些疾病在那些国家就相应减少。
【翻译技巧】此题需注意词序的调整，兼有条件状语从句作用的定语从句的翻译，及句子结构的分析。
【翻译点评】首先搞清楚本句结构很重要，It是形式主语，动词不定式短语tonotethat…comparativelyrare是真正主语。但如果机械地译为“注意到在那些……的国家里，某些疾病相对少见是很有趣的”，就显得太头重脚轻了，所以译为“一种有趣的现象表明……”，动词“note”后面的宾语从句中，名词“countries”后面带有where引导的定语从句修饰，但这里“人们的饮食含有大量粗面粉和蔬菜”，和后面的“某些疾病就相应较少见”之间有种必然的条件关系，所以加上“只要……，就……”使译文更有逻辑性。
73.【参考译文】计算机不仅能收集信息，还能以收集信息的同样快的速
度把它们储存起来，一旦需要就可以随时将它们输送出来。
【翻译技巧】此题需用增(减)词法，长句短译法。
【翻译点评】首先注意notonly…butalso这个倒装句，翻译时应还原，另外还要注意“canpourthemoutwhenevertheyareneeded”的翻译，whenevertheyareneeded译为“一旦需要”就此译为“无论什么时候需要”更简洁、流畅。
【翻译技巧】此题需注意句子顺序的调整。
75.【参考译文】从每一本书不足一美分的利润中，韦布斯特赚取了他后半生的大部分收入。
【试题分析】此题需注意句子顺序。
【详细解答】句中fortherestofhislife需提到mostofhisincome之前翻译。
PartⅤ
写作指导
SampleWriting
Advertising
Acertainamountofadvertisingisofaninformativekind,theaimsimplybeingtoletconsumersknowwhatgoodsandservicesareavailable—“consumereducation”asitissometimescalled.Mostadvertising,however,isofapersuasiveorcompetitivekind,theaimofwhichistopersuadepeopletobuyonethingratherthansomethingelse.
Advertisingisasellingcostparticularlyassociatedwithimperfectcompetition.Advertisingisawayofmarketinggoods.Inthesaleofbrandedgoods,advertisingisessentialinordertotrytoimpressonconsumersthatonemakersbrandissuperiortoallothers,althoughinfacttheonlydifferencebetweenbrandsmaysometimesbeintheirtrademarksandlabels.
Anyproducerwithsomedegreeofmonopoly,howeverslight,willgenerallyfinditmoreadvantageoustoadvertisehisproductswidelyandatconsiderableexpenseratherthancuthisprices.