2018年美国的人权纪录(全文)
Fulltext:HumanRightsRecordoftheUnitedStatesin2018

国务院新闻办公室14日发表《2018年美国的人权纪录》,全文如下:

ChinaonThursdaypublishedareportonthehumanrightssituationintheUnitedStates.Thereport,titled"HumanRightsRecordoftheUnitedStatesin2018,"wasreleasedbytheInformationOfficeoftheStateCouncil.Followingisthefulltextofthedocument:

2018年美国的人权纪录

中华人民共和国

国务院新闻办公室

2019年3月

HumanRightsRecordoftheUnitedStatesin2018

March2019

目录

Contents

导言

Foreword

一、公民权利屡遭践踏

I.FrequentInfringementonCivilRights

二、金钱政治大行其道

II.MoneyPoliticsPrevailintheUnitedStates

三、贫富分化日益严重

III.IncomeInequalityContinuedtoRise

四、种族歧视变本加厉

IV.WorseningRacialDiscrimination

五、儿童安全令人担忧

V.ChildrenFaceWorrisomeSafetyProblems

六、性别歧视触目惊心

VI.ShockingGenderDiscrimination

七、移民悲剧不断上演

VII.ContinuousTragediesforImmigrants

八、单边主义不得人心

VIII.UnilateralismisLosingGround

OnMarch13localtime,theStateDepartmentoftheUnitedStatesreleasedits2018countryreportsonhumanrightspractices,continuedpointingfingersatandslanderinghumanrightssituationsinover190countries,whileblindlyignoringitsownserioushumanrightsproblems.IfonetakesaglimpseintothehumanrightssituationoftheUnitedStatesin2018,itwillnotbedifficulttofindthattheUnitedStatesgovernment,aself-styled"humanrightsdefender,"hasahumanrightsrecordwhichisflawedandlackluster,andthedoublestandardsofhumanrightsitpursuesareobvious.

——枪支暴力危害严重。2018年美国共发生涉枪案件57103件,导致14717人死亡、28172人受伤,其中未成年人死伤3502人。枪支暴力导致美国人均预期寿命减少近2.5岁。

--Gunviolenceposesgravedanger.Therewereatotalof57,103gunviolenceincidentsintheUnitedStatesin2018,leaving14,717killedand28,172injured.Thenumberofchildrenandteenskilledorinjuredwas3,502.GunviolencehasshortenedthelifeexpectancyofAmericansbynearly2.5years.

——宗教不宽容言论甚嚣尘上。在2018年美国中期选举中,反穆斯林言论大幅上升。调查显示,针对穆斯林的阴谋论日益进入政治主流,“超过三分之一的候选人声称穆斯林天生暴力或构成迫在眉睫的威胁”,“将近三分之一的候选人呼吁剥夺穆斯林的基本权利或宣称伊斯兰教不是宗教”。

--Religiousintoleranceremarkswereontherise.Themid-termelectionsin2018sawasurgeofanti-Muslimopinions.AreportfoundthatconspiracytheoriestargetingMuslimshaveincreasinglyenteredthepoliticalmainstream."MorethanathirdhaveclaimedthatMuslimsareinherentlyviolentorposeanimminentthreat,"and"JustunderathirdofthecandidatesconsideredhavecalledforMuslimstobedeniedbasicrightsordeclaredthatIslamisnotareligion."

--Internetsurveillancebecomesacommonpractice.ThewarrantlesswiretappingprogramPRISMisoperatingaroundtheclock,vacuumingupemails,Facebookmessages,Googlechats,Skypecalls,andthelike.

——金钱操控美国政治。2018年中期选举共花费52亿美元,比上次中期选举增长35%,是有史以来最昂贵的中期选举。“美国政府成为富豪的代言人。”

--MoneypoliticsprevailintheUnitedStates.Thetotalcostofthe2018mid-termelectionswas5.2billionU.S.dollars,a35percentincreaseover2014innominaldollars,makingthembyfarthemostexpensivemid-termelectionsonrecord.TheU.S.governmentisrepresentingthesuperrich.

——沦为贫富分化最严重的西方国家。美国1%的最富有人群拥有全国38.6%的财富,而普通民众的财富总量和收入水平持续下降。近半美国家庭生活拮据,1850万人生活在极端贫困中。

--TheUnitedStateshasthehighestrateofincomeinequalityamongWesterncountries.Theshareofthetop1percentofthepopulationintheUnitedStatesowned38.6percentoftotalwealth.Inrelationtobothwealthandincome,theshareofthegeneralpublichasfallencontinuously.NearlyhalfoftheAmericanhouseholdsliveinfinancialdifficultiesand18.5millionAmericansliveinextremepoverty.

——仇恨犯罪再创新高。美国联邦调查局2018年11月发布的数据显示,上年度美国共发生7175起仇恨犯罪案件,同比增加约17%;其中约60%的犯罪涉种族歧视,近50%的受害者是非洲裔。

--Hatecrimessurgedtonewheight.AreportreleasedbytheFederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI)inNovember2018saidhatecrimesrosebyabout17percentto7,175casesintheUnitedStatesin2017.Offensesmotivatedbyracialprejudicemadeupabout60percentofhatecrimes,withAfrican-Americansbeingtargetedinnearlyhalfofthem.

——非洲裔生存状况堪忧。美国非洲裔家庭财富的中位值只有白人的十分之一。非洲裔的贫困率是白人的2.5倍,失业率长期维持在白人的2倍左右,入狱率是白人的6倍以上,婴儿死亡率是白人的2.3倍,人均预期寿命比白人低约3.5岁。

--ThelivingconditionsofAfrican-Americansareworrisome.Themedianwhitefamilyhasabout10timesasmuchwealthasthemedianblackfamily.AfricanAmericansare2.5timesaslikelytobeinpovertyaswhites,abouttwiceaslikelytobeinunemploymentaswhites,andmorethan6timesaslikelyaswhitestobeincarcerated.Theinfantmortalityrateis1.3timeshigherforAfricanAmericans,whoseaveragelifeexpectancyisabout3.5yearsshorterthanwhites.

——校园枪声不绝于耳。2018年美国发生94起校园枪击案,共有163人伤亡,是有记录以来校园枪击案数量最多、伤亡最重的一年。校园暴力事件数量比上一学年增长了113%。

--Therewereendlessschoolshootings.Lastyear,atotalof94schoolshootingsoccurredacrosstheUnitedStatesandleft163peopledeadorinjured,makingittheworstyearonrecordwiththemostschoolshootingcasesandthemostseverecasualties.Violentincidentsinschoolsalsoincreased113percentfromthepreviousschoolyear.

——女性深陷性骚扰和性侵恐惧。调查显示,81%的女性受访者表示在一生中经历过性骚扰,27%的女性受访者表示曾遭受性侵犯。

--Womenarelivinginfearofsexualharassmentandsexualassaults.Asurveyfoundthat81percentofwomeninterviewedhadexperiencedsomeformofsexualharassment,and27percentsaidtheyhadbeensexuallyassaulted.

——移民政策致使骨肉分离。美国政府2018年4月开始实施“零容忍”政策,导致至少2000名移民儿童被迫与家人分离。边境执法人员虐待、性侵未成年移民案件数量惊人增长。

--Immigrationpolicyseparatedchildrenfromparents.Anew"zerotolerance"policyinauguratedbytheU.S.governmentinApril2018hasseparatedatleast2,000migrantchildrenfromtheirfamilies.TherehasalsobeenastartlingincreaseinthenumberofinstanceswhereU.S.BorderPatrolofficershavemistreatedorsexuallyabusedjuvenilemigrants.

--FlagrantlywithdrawfromtheUNHumanRightsCouncil.TheAtlanticsaidinanonlineanalysisthatoneofthemostlikely,andmostinsidious,argumentsforthemoveistopreventtheUnitedStatesfrombeingcalledoutonitsownallegedhuman-rightsabuses.

美国暴力犯罪案件频发,涉枪犯罪猖獗,公职人员滥用职权,监听活动肆无忌惮,新闻自由徒有虚名。

TheUnitedStatesreportedfrequentoccurrenceofviolentcrimecases,rampantguncrimesandtheabuseofpowerbypublicofficers,whilesurveillancewasuncheckedandunscrupulousandpressfreedomwashollow.

严重暴力犯罪案件频发。美国联邦调查局2018年9月发布的《2017年美国犯罪报告》显示,全年共发生暴力犯罪案件1247321起,谋杀案件17284起、强奸案件135755起、严重暴力伤害案件810825起、抢劫案件319356起。72.6%的谋杀案件、40.6%的抢劫案件和26.3%的严重暴力伤害案件为涉枪案件。(注1)芝加哥市被称为美国“最不安全”的大城市之一,近年来每年都有几百人被谋杀。仅2018年8月4日和5日,该市就有74人遭枪击,其中12人死亡。成千上万的美国年轻人纷纷逃离严重暴力案件多发的城市。(注2)

枪击案件持续高发。美国枪支暴力档案室网站发布的数据显示,2018年美国共发生涉枪案件57103件,导致14717人死亡、28172人受伤,其中未成年人死伤3502人。(注3)5月18日,得克萨斯州休斯敦市附近的圣达菲高中发生大规模枪击案,17岁的帕格瑞斯持猎枪和手枪射杀10人,打伤十余人。该校及周边还发现了爆炸装置。(注4)11月8日晚,前海军陆战队员伊恩·大卫·朗闯入加利福尼亚州千橡树市一家酒吧,持枪向人群射击,杀死12人,并致多人受伤。(注5)《赫芬顿邮报》网站12月6日报道,对美国2000年至2016年枪支致死官方数据的分析发现,枪支暴力导致美国人均预期寿命减少近2.5岁,其中非洲裔减少4.14岁。

Gunviolencecontinuedtoberampant.AccordingtodatafromtheGunViolenceArchive,theUnitedStatesreported57,103incidentsofgunviolence,resultingin14,717deaths,28,172injuries,includingcasualtiesof3,502juveniles(www.gunviolencearchive.org,datarecordedonFebruary24,2019).OnMay18,inamassshootingintheSantaFeHighSchoolnearHouston,Texas,17-year-oldDimitriosPagourtziskilled10peopleandwoundedmorethan10otherswithashotgunandapistol.Explosivedeviceswerefoundinsidetheschoolandnearby(www.washingtonpost.com,May19,2018).OnNovember8,MarineCorpsveteranIanDavidLongbrokeintoabarinThousandOaks,California,fatallyshooting12peopleandwoundingmany(www.nbcnews.com,November9,2018).TheHuffingtonPostreportedonDecember6thatgunviolencehasshortenedthelifeexpectancyofAmericansbynearly2.5years,withshootingdrivingdowntheaveragelifespanofAfrican-Americansby4.14years,basedonofficialdataongundeathsbetween2000and2016.

Thelegitimaterightsofinterviewingbyreporterswereinfringed.OnNovember7,2018,tostopWhiteHousecorrespondentfromCNNfromaskingfollow-upquestions,staffattheWhiteHouseattemptedtotakethemicrophoneawayfromthecorrespondentandrevokedhispresspass(uk.reuters.com,November19,2018).TheColumbiaJournalismReviewreportedonJanuary19lastyearthattheUnitedStatesarrestedjournalists34timesin2017,nineofwhomwereaccusedoffelony.Theequipmentsof15journalistswereconfiscated,while44journalistssufferedfrompersonalattacks.

宗教不宽容言论甚嚣尘上。英国《卫报》网站2018年10月22日报道,在2018年美国中期选举中,反穆斯林言论大幅上升。调查显示,针对穆斯林的阴谋论日益进入政治主流,“超过三分之一的候选人声称穆斯林天生暴力或构成迫在眉睫的威胁”,“将近三分之一的候选人呼吁剥夺穆斯林的基本权利或宣称伊斯兰教不是宗教”。

Religiousintoleranceremarkswereontherise.TheGuardianreportedonOctober22,2018thatduringthe2018U.S.midtermelections,anti-Muslimrhetoricincreaseddramatically,withreportshowingthatconspiracytheoriestargetingMuslimshaveincreasinglyenteredthepoliticalmainstream."MorethanathirdhaveclaimedthatMuslimsareinherentlyviolentorposeanimminentthreat,"thereportfound,addingthat"justunderathirdofthecandidatesconsideredhavecalledforMuslimstobedeniedbasicrightsordeclaredthatIslamisnotareligion."

大批游行示威民众遭到逮捕。《芝加哥论坛报》网站2018年6月28日报道,民众在华盛顿特区集会抗议政府移民政策时,575人被捕,多数为女性。9月4日至6日,在针对联邦最高法院大法官提名人选布雷特·卡瓦诺的抗议活动中,美国国会警察三天内逮捕了212人;10月4日又有超过300名抗议者被捕。(注9)路透社网站12月11日报道,在圣迭戈市美国边境举行的要求停止拘留和驱逐中美洲移民的抗议活动中,32名宗教领袖和社会活动家被捕。

司法不公导致冤案。联合国极端贫困与人权问题特别报告员菲利普·奥尔斯顿2018年5月发布的报告指出,美国司法体系不公正,富人犯罪可通过缴纳保释金获得人身自由,而穷人只能被监禁。《纽约客》网站2月6日报道,美国纽约市布朗克斯区的爱德华·加里于1995年受谋杀罪指控含冤入狱,经过23年的不懈努力才最终洗脱罪名。(注10)《华盛顿邮报》网站2018年12月19日报道,美国巴尔的摩市一名男性公民被指控一级谋杀罪,在案件调查阶段,当地警方罔顾证人证言,既不调查他的不在场证明,也不调查其他嫌疑人,造成其沉冤服刑长达27年。

TheWashingtonPostreportedonDecember19,2018thatamanfromBaltimorewaswrongfullyconvictedoffirst-degreemurder.Duringtheinvestigationofthecase,localpolicedidnotinvestigatehisalibiorothersuspects,resultinginhimserving27yearsinprison.

监管人员滥用暴力。根据美国司法部网站2018年7月11日和11月8日披露的信息,美国联邦前囚犯押送官员埃里克·斯科特·金德利在任职期间曾多次持械性虐性侵女囚,导致被害人身心受到严重伤害;路易斯安纳州安哥拉监狱多名监管人员肆意殴打毫无反抗能力的囚犯,导致犯人重伤并合谋掩盖犯罪事实。(注11)《纽约每日新闻》网站2018年12月18日援引美联社报道,南佛罗里达州的两名狱警在任职期间,殴打并恐吓多名年轻囚犯,严重侵犯被羁押者的人身权利。

Publicofficersabusivelyexercisedviolence.AccordingtoreportsreleasedonthewebsiteoftheU.S.DepartmentofJusticeonJuly11andNovember8,formerprivateprisonertransportofficerEricScottKindleycommitted,duringhistenure,severalarmedsexualabusesorassaultsonfemaleprisoners,resultinginseverebodilyandemotionalharmstothevictims.SeveralofficersattheLouisianaStatePenitentiaryinAngola,Louisianawerefoundtohavebeatenaninmatewhowashandcuffedandshackled,leavingtheinmatewithsevereinjuries.Theyalsoconspiredtocoverupthebeating(www.justice.gov).TheNewYorkDailyNewsreportedonDecember18,2018,citingtheAssociatedPress,thattwoSouthFloridaprisonguardsassaultedandintimidatedseveralyounginmates,severelyinfringingtherightsofthosedetained.

美国2018年的中期选举竞选开销巨大,选举沦为金钱游戏,“黑钱”和腐败现象严重,政治人物腐败案件屡见不鲜,政府成为富豪代言人。

TheU.S.2018midtermelectionscostahugequantityofmoney.Electionsbecamethegamesofmoney,withmuchinvolvementof"darkmoney"andcorruption.Casesofpoliticiansinvolvedincorruptionwerenotrareandthegovernmentservedasthespokespersonoftherich.

史上“最昂贵”的中期选举。美国政治响应中心2018年11月8日指出,此次中期选举共花费52亿美元,比2014年增长35%,是有史以来最昂贵的中期选举。(注12)得克萨斯州的参议员竞选成为美国历史上最奢侈的国会议员竞选。其中仅民主党候选人贝托·奥罗克一人就筹集了创纪录的6910万美元。(注13)

选举腐败愈演愈烈。英国《卫报》网站2018年8月7日报道,公众普遍认为美国选举是腐败的,国会议员被企业、富人和特殊利益集团俘获。赢得一个参议院席位的平均成本为1940万美元。赢得一个众议院席位平均至少要花费150万美元。选举过程中存在大量“以金钱换选票”的舞弊现象。《纽约时报》网站11月20日报道,洛杉矶地方检察官指出,有9人被指控向无家可归者支付1美元和几支香烟,以换取他们在选民登记表上签名。

Electoralcorruptionbecameseverer.TheGuardianreportedonAugust7,2018,thatU.S.electionswerewidelyseentobecorruptbythepublic.MembersofCongresswereviewedtobecapturedbycorporations,wealthydonorsandspecialinterestsgroups.TheaveragecostofwinningaSenateseatwas19.4millionU.S.dollarswhilewinningaHouseofRepresentativesseatwouldcostatleast1.5millionU.S.dollarsonaverage.Electionfraudsuchasusingmoneyinexchangeforvoteswascommon.AccordingtoareportofTheNewYorkTimesonitswebsiteonNovember20,2018,theLosAngelesdistrictattorneyannouncedthatninepeoplehadbeenchargedwithpayinghomelesspeoplewithonedollarbillsandsomecigarettesinexchangeforsigningnamesonvoterregistrationforms.

政府成为富豪代言人。联合国极端贫困与人权问题特别报告员菲利普·奥尔斯顿2018年5月发布报告指出,美国内阁成员的财富总额达43亿美元,政府已经成为富豪的代言人。根据美国司法部网站4月30日披露的信息,前阿肯色州参议员、州众议员亨利·威尔金斯收受贿金,按照政治说客的意图进行投票。《迈阿密先驱报》8月2日报道,佛罗里达州州长斯科特受说客影响,削减7亿美元的水资源管理费,导致爆发大型“红潮”藻类危机,造成海洋生物死亡,严重危害临海居民健康。

U.S.Governmentservedasthespokespersonoftherich.AccordingtoareportreleasedbyPhilipG.Alston,specialrapporteuronextremepovertyandhumanrightsfortheUN,thecombinedwealthoftheUnitedStatescabinetreachedabout4.3billionU.S.dollars,turningtheU.S.governmentintothespokespersonoftherichpeople.FormerArkansasStateSenatorandStateRepresentativeHenryWilkinsacceptedbribesinexchangeforvotinginfavoroftheintentionsoflobbyists,accordingtoastatementonthewebsiteofU.S.JusticeDepartmentonApril30,2018.Influencedbylobbyists,FloridagovernorRickScottcut700millionU.S.dollarsinfundingforwatermanagement,MiamiHeraldreportedonAugust2,2018.Thereductionledtoasevereredtidecrisis,causingthedeathofmarinelifeandendangeringthehealthofcoastalresidents.

民众对美国政治持悲观态度。皮尤研究中心2018年4月26日公布的一项针对美国民主和政治体制的调查显示,53%的受访者认为美国没有做到“尊重所有人的权利和自由”。《新闻周刊》网站6月26日报道,民意调查显示,55%的受访者认为目前美国的民主“很薄弱”,68%的受访者认为美国的民主正在“变得越来越弱”。

ThepublichadpessimisticattitudestowardsU.S.politics.APewResearchCentersurveyonAmericandemocracyandthepoliticalsystemreleasedonApril262018,showed53percentofthesurveyedsaidtheUnitedStatesdidnotrespect"therightsandfreedomsofallpeople."TheNewsweekreportedonJune26,2018thatapollshowed55percentofAmericanssaiddemocracyintheUnitedStateswas"weak"currently,and68percentsaidtheybelieveddemocracyintheUnitedStateswas"gettingweaker."

美国贫困率维持高位,贫富差距持续扩大,近半家庭生活拮据,低收入者缺乏医疗保险,无家可归者人数居高不下。

PovertyrateintheUnitedStatesremainedhigh.Incomeinequalitycontinuedtorise.AlmosthalfofAmericanhouseholdslivedunderfinancialstrain.Low-incomepopulationslackedhealthinsurance.Thenumberofhomelesspeoplestayedhigh.

沦为贫富分化最严重的西方国家。美国人口普查的数据显示,2017年美国有约4200万贫困人口,约占总人口的13.4%。超过500万全年从事全职工作的美国人年收入低于贫困线。布鲁金斯学会发布的报告显示,残疾人通常更难找到稳定的工作,也更难挣到高于贫困线的工资。残疾人的贫困率为25.7%。(注15)

TheUnitedStateshadthehighestrateofincomeinequalityamongWesterncountries.TheU.S.Censusestimatedthat13.4percentofAmericans,about42million,livedbelowthepovertylinein2017.Morethan5millionAmericanswhoworkfull-timejobsyear-roundearnedlessthanthepovertyline.AccordingtoareportbytheBrookingsInstitution,thedisabledgenerallyhadahardertimefindingsteadyworkandearningabove-povertywages.About25.7percentofthedisabledlivedinpoverty(www.usatoday.com,October10,2018andNovember19,2018).

联合国极端贫困与人权问题特别报告员菲利普·奥尔斯顿2018年5月发布报告指出,美国已经沦为贫富分化最严重的西方国家,1850万美国人生活在极端贫困中,青年贫困率居经合组织成员国之首。2016年,1%的最富有人群拥有全国38.6%的财富,而普通民众的财富总量和收入水平在过去25年总体呈下降趋势。奥尔斯顿进一步指出,美国政府近年来推行系列刺激经济增长措施,但发展成果仅惠及富人,普通民众并未获益。“美国政府以牺牲社会福利为代价,对大公司和富有阶层实施前所未有的大规模减税计划,该策略似乎是为扩大不平等而量身定制。”(注16)

低收入病患缺乏医疗保险。联合国极端贫困与人权问题特别报告员菲利普·奥尔斯顿2018年5月发布报告指出,美国社会保障制度存在缺陷,四分之一全职工作者和四分之三兼职工作者没有带薪病假,44%的成年人无力支付或需要变卖财产和借债才能支付急救医疗费用。(注18)盖洛普咨询公司2018年11月进行的年度调查显示,46%的受访者担心没有足够的钱来支付医疗费用。(注19)城市研究所的分析显示,得克萨斯州65岁以下居民中高达19%没有保险,人数多达470万。(注20)

无家可归者人数居高不下。美国住房和城市发展部的数据显示,超过50万美国人没有固定居所。许多无家可归者急需医疗救助并患有精神疾病。(注21)加利福尼亚州2018年4月发布的审计报告指出,2017年加利福尼亚州无家可归者人数达到134278人,比2016年增加16136人,居全国之首。(注22)在俄亥俄州的辛辛那提,无家可归者在市中心附近安营扎寨。当地法官罗伯特·鲁曼却宣称无家可归者营地是一种公害,并禁止在市中心及周边地区建立这种营地。(注23)

Thenumberofhomelesspeoplestayedhigh.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,morethanhalfamillionAmericanslackedpermanentshelters.Manyhomelessindividualswereindireneedofmedicalattentionandsufferedfrommentalillnesses(www.usatoday.com,October1,2018).AccordingtoanauditreportissuedbytheStateofCaliforniainApril2018,thestatehadthelargestnumberofhomelesspopulationinthenation,reaching134,278in2017,anincreaseof16,136peopleover2016(www.auditor.ca.gov).InCincinnatiofOhio,homelesspeoplesetupcampsneartheheartofthecity.ButalocaljudgenamedRobertRuehlmandeclaredhomelesscampsapublicnuisanceandbannedthemintheaffectedpartofdowntown.HelaterexpandedthebantoincludemostofthecityandallofsurroundingHamiltonCounty(www.usatoday.com,August14,2018).

吸毒致死和自杀人数持续攀升。美国疾病控制与预防中心2018年发布的报告显示,2014年以来,美国因吸毒致死人数年均增加16%,2017年超过7万人。自杀是美国的第十大死因。1999年以来,美国的自杀率上升了33%,2017年自杀人数超过4.7万。(注24)

Drugoverdosedeathsandsuicidescontinuedtorise.AreportissuedbytheU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaiddrugoverdosedeathsamongU.S.residentsexceeded70,000in2017.Theratehadincreasedonaverageby16percentperyearsince2014.Suicidewasthe10thleadingcauseofdeathintheU.S.Since1999,thesuicideratehadclimbed33percent.In2017,morethan47,000Americanskilledthemselves(nytimes.com,August15,2018).

美国长期存在系统性种族歧视,少数种族选举权遭到限制,执法司法领域种族歧视未见改善,仇恨犯罪猖獗,少数种族处于极度不利地位。

SystematicracialdiscriminationhaslongexistedintheUnitedStates.Ethnicminoritiesfacedrestrictionsinexercisingtheirvotingrights.Thelawenforcementandjudicialdepartmentsmadenoprogressinreducingracialdiscrimination.Hatecrimeswerecommon.Minoritieswereatanextremelydisadvantageousposition.

系统性种族歧视遭到联合国批评。联合国消除种族歧视委员会第九十三届会议报告,以及联合国当代形式种族歧视问题特别报告员根据联合国大会决议撰写的报告指出,美国社会长期存在白人至上、煽动种族歧视和仇恨言论等现象。美国政府未能明确拒绝和遏制有关种族主义暴力事件和示威,包括总统在内的政府高官宣扬仇外的民族民粹主义言论,利用纸质媒体和社交媒体发表种族主义和仇外言论。(注25)

SystematicracialdiscriminationwascriticizedbytheUnitedNations.Accordingtothereportoftheninety-thirdsessionoftheUNCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationandthereportoftheUNSpecialRapporteuroncontemporaryformsofracism,racialdiscrimination,xenophobiaandrelatedintolerancepreparedpursuanttoaUNGeneralAssemblyresolution,thephenomenaofpromotingwhitesupremacyandincitingracialdiscriminationandhatredhavelongexistedinAmericansociety.TheUnitedStatesfailedtounequivocallyrejectandcontainracistviolenteventsanddemonstrations.High-levelpoliticiansandpublicofficials,includingthePresident,propagatednationalistandpopulistremarks,andpublishedracistandxenophobicstatementsonprintandsocialmedia(UNdocumentsA/73/18,A/73/312,A/73/305).

非洲裔因肤色而成为警方枪击的无辜受害者。英国广播公司网站2018年11月12日报道,芝加哥郊区一家酒吧的26岁非洲裔保安杰梅尔·罗伯逊制服了一名持枪斗殴嫌犯,但赶到的警察却开枪射杀了正在控制嫌犯的罗伯逊。目击者称,当时大家都在喊“他是一个保安”,但警察看到持枪的是非洲裔男子,还是向他开了枪。11月22日感恩节当晚,亚拉巴马州一家购物中心内发生枪击案,21岁的非洲裔男子小伊曼蒂克·菲茨杰拉德·布拉德福德在帮助其他顾客脱离险境时,却被警方视为枪手而击毙。目击者称,他当时并未对任何人构成威胁。律师本·克朗普说:“布拉德福德无辜丧命令人震惊,再次证明非洲裔男性仅因肤色就被视作威胁而遭枪杀。”(注26)

African-Americansbecameinnocentvictimsofpoliceshootingbecauseoftheirskincolor.AccordingtoaBBCreportonNovember12,2018,JemelRoberson,a26-year-oldAfrican-Americansecurityguard,washoldingdownasuspectedarmedattackeratabarinsuburbanChicago,butpoliceshotandkilledhimuponarrival.Awitnessrecountedthateverybodywasscreamingout"hewasasecurityguard,"butpolicestilldidtheirjobandsawablackmanwithagunandopenedfireonhim.

涉种族歧视的仇恨犯罪再创新高。《洛杉矶时报》网站2018年11月13日报道,联邦调查局发布的报告显示,2017年美国的仇恨犯罪创2001年以来的最大年度涨幅,上升超过17%。在7175起仇恨犯罪案件中,约60%的犯罪涉种族歧视,近50%的受害者是非洲裔。《纽约时报》网站9月20日报道,白人退伍军人詹姆斯·哈里斯·杰克逊因憎恨跨种族婚恋,策划杀死几名与白人妇女在一起的非洲裔男子。作为预先演练,他于2017年3月用短剑残忍杀害一名66岁的非洲裔男子。

Racialdiscrimination-relatedhatecrimesreachedarecordhigh.HatecrimesroseintheUnitedStatesbymorethan17percentin2017,thebiggestannualincreaseinreportedhatecrimessince2001.Around60percentofthe7,175hatecrimeswererelatedtoracialdiscriminationandnearlyhalfofthevictimswereAfricanAmericans,accordingtoareportoftheLosAngelesTimesonNovember13,2018.

JamesHarrisJackson,awhiteArmyveteran,plannedtomurderseveralblackmeninthecompanyofwhitewomenbecauseofhishatredofinterracialdating.Asa"practice"foralargerracialterrorattack,hecruellykilleda66-year-oldblackwithashortswordinMarch2017,TheNewYorkTimesreportedonSeptember20,2018.

反犹太主义酿成惨剧。2018年10月27日,46岁的白人男子罗伯特·鲍尔斯携带步枪、手枪等武器,闯入位于宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡市的犹太人教堂,高喊反犹太主义极端口号,向正在教堂内礼拜的教徒进行了20分钟的扫射,致11人死亡、6人受伤。这是美国历史上犹太人社区遭受的最为致命的攻击。(注30)美国有线电视新闻网12月12日报道,反犹太人的宣传册在整个匹兹堡市传播,纽约州立大学多个地点还出现了纳粹主题的海报。一名21岁的男子因涉嫌在托莱多市的犹太人教堂密谋杀害礼拜者而被捕。联邦调查局发布的报告显示,2017年反犹太人犯罪增加37%,达938起。(注31)

Anti-SemitismPrevails.RobertBowers,a46-year-oldwhite,stormedintotheTreeofLifeCongregationSynagogueinPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,witharifleandhandguns,shoutinganti-Semiticslogans.Heopenedfireonworshipersina20-minuteattack,killing11peopleandinjuringsixothers.TheattackwasbelievedtobethedeadliestontheJewishcommunityinU.S.history(edition.cnn.com,November27,2018;www.usatoday.com,October29,2018).Anti-SemiticpamphletswerespreadthroughoutPittsburgh.Nazi-themedposterswerefoundinvariouslocationsaroundtheStateUniversityofNewYork.A21-year-oldmanwasarrestedforallegedlyplottingtokillworshipersinaJewishsynagogueinToledo,aCNNreportsaidonDecember12.Therewere938hatecrimesagainstJewishpeoplein2017,a37percentincreaseinanti-Jewishcrimes,accordingtoanFBIreport(www.latimes.com,November13,2018).

TheeconomicconditionofAfricanAmericansisworrisome.TheEconomicPolicyInstitutereportedonitswebsiteonFebruary26,2018thatthemedianwhitefamilyhadalmost10timesasmuchwealthasthemedianblackfamily.ItalsopointedoutthattheblackunemploymentratehasbeenroughlytwicethewhiteunemploymentrateforalongtimeandAfricanAmericanswere2.5timesaslikelytobeinpovertyaswhites(www.epi.org,February26,2018).AfricanAmericansrepresent13percentofthegeneralpopulation,butmorethan40percentofthehomelesspopulationisAfricanAmericans,theNationalAlliancetoEndHomelessnessreported(endhomelessness.org,June6.2018).

种族歧视导致种族健康差异。《赫芬顿邮报》网站2018年2月5日报道,非洲裔患癌症、中风、心脏病等十大致死疾病的死亡率明显高于白人。有充分的证据表明,由于个体和制度层面的歧视导致了这种健康上的种族差异。美国经济政策研究所网站2月26日报道,非洲裔婴儿死亡率是白人的2.3倍,非洲裔的人均预期寿命比白人低约3.5岁。

Racialdiscriminationcauseshealthdisparities.Whenlookingatthe10leadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates,includingcancer,strokeandheartdisease,mortalityratesamongblackAmericanswerehigherthanamongwhiteAmericans.Compellingevidencesuggestsbothindividual-andinstitutional-leveldiscriminationcausesthisdisparity,theHuffingtonPostreportedonFebruary5,2018.Theinfantmortalityrateofblackinfantswas2.3timeshigherthanwhiteinfants.AnAfricanAmericanborntodayonaverage,stillexpecttoliveabout3.5feweryearsthanawhitepersonbornonthesameday,accordingareportfromtheEconomicPolicyInstituteonFebruary26,2018.

金融领域种族歧视严重。《洛杉矶时报》网站2018年5月27日报道,联邦消费者金融保护局的数据显示,在所有贷款类型中,非洲裔申请人被拒绝的比例是非拉美裔白人的2倍以上。非洲裔和拉美裔还被收取更高的贷款利率,他们通常要承担比平均利率高出1.5个百分点的年利率。

Seriousracialdiscriminationexistsinthefinancialsector.Blackapplicantswererejectedatmorethandoubletherateofnon-Hispanicwhiteapplicantsonalltypesofloans,datawiththefederalBureauofConsumerFinancialProtectionshowed.BlackandHispanicapplicantswerechargedinterestratesmoreoftenatleast1.5percentagepointsabovethe"averageprimeofferrate"forloansofasimilartype,LosAngelesTimesreportedonMay27,2018.

美国校园枪击案高发,校园暴力广泛存在,政府对侵犯、虐待儿童的行为监管不力,儿童人身安全、身心健康和生存环境令人担忧。

Thehighincidenceofschoolshootings,widespreadschoolviolenceandlackofeffectivegovernmentoversightofchildrenabusehasposedathreattoAmericanchildrenbothphysicallyandmentallyandtheirlivingenvironmentisworrisome.

校园枪击案频发。英国广播公司新闻网2018年12月12日报道,2018年是自1970年有记录以来美国校园枪击事件发生数量最多的年份,也是造成伤亡最严重的一年。根据美国国土防御和安全中心以及联邦紧急事务管理局发布的数据,2018年已发生94起校园枪击案,共有163人伤亡,超过了1986年创下的伤亡97人的最高纪录。2018年2月14日,19岁的尼古拉斯·克鲁兹携枪支和多个弹匣,进入佛罗里达州的一所高中并拉响火灾警报,趁大量学生跑出教室时,用半自动步枪扫射,造成17人死亡、至少14人受伤。(注34)皮尤研究中心网站4月18日报道,57%的青少年受访者表示担心学校可能发生枪击事件,63%的父母受访者表示担心孩子所在学校可能发生枪击事件。

校园暴力问题凸显。2017-2018学年,美国校园暴力事件数量比上一学年增长了113%。针对27个州超过16万名中学生的调查显示,近40%的初中生和27%的高中生受访者表示曾经遭受校园欺凌。(注35)《美国学校与大学杂志》网站12月10日报道,佛罗里达州超过600所学校未按法律要求向州政府报告校园内发生的违法犯罪行为。

儿童受虐状况严重。根据美国疾病预防与控制中心的统计,四分之一的美国儿童遭受过虐待。(注36)《得克萨斯州论坛报》网站2018年12月6日报道,过去十年中,得克萨斯州多家托儿所的数百名儿童受到虐待,其中88名儿童死亡。英国《卫报》网站12月18日报道,位于马萨诸塞州坎顿市的一所教育中心经常使用高功率电击惩罚学生,一些人承受的电流强度远超过电击枪释放的电流。美洲人权委员会罕见地发出正式通知,要求该机构立即停止实施电击“酷刑”。

Childrensufferfromseriousthreatsofabuse.AccordingtostatisticsfromU.S.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,anestimated1in4childreninAmericaexperiencedmaltreatmentatsomepointintheirlives(www.usatoday.com,July26,2018).TexasTribunereportedonDecember6,2018,hundredsofchildrenwereabusedand88diedofabuseandneglectinTexasdaycarefacilitiesinthelastdecade.AccordingtoareportbyTheGuardianonDecember18,2018,aneducationcenterinCanton,Massachusetts,routinelyinflictedhigh-poweredelectricshocksasaformofpunishmentonstudents,withindividualsbeingzappedwithelectriccurrentsfarmorepowerfulthanthosedischargedbystunguns.TheInter-AmericanCommissiononHumanRightsissuedarareformalnoticeknownas"precautionarymeasures"thatcallsforimmediatecessationoftheelectricshocks.

Childrenfallvictimstopriestsexualabuse.AccordingtoaCBSreportonAugust15,2018,morethan300CatholicpriestsinPennsylvaniacommittedsexualabuseagainstalargenumberofchildrenoveraperiodofdecades,withmorethan1,000victims,whileseniorchurchofficialstookstepstocoveritup.AreportfromAttorneyGeneralinIllinoisshowedthat690Catholicpriestsweresuspectedofsexualabuseagainstchildreninthestate(www.chicagotribune.com,December19,2018).AccordingtoareportbyStar-TelegramonDecember9,2018,morethanonehundredclergiesfromfundamentalBaptistchurchesspanning40U.S.stateswereaccusedofcommittingsexualcrimesagainstchildren.

政府疏于对儿童权利的保护。《芝加哥论坛报》网站2018年7月13日报道,在一些州政府的强制收养系统中,儿童领养过程缺乏透明度,多年来一直存在忽视被收养儿童生存环境等问题,对很多虐待收养儿童的报告视而不见。联邦政府和州政府缺乏有效监督,导致被收养儿童受虐或被害事件时有发生。11月28日,《迈阿密先驱报》基于对法院卷宗的梳理发表关于大富豪爱泼斯坦进行未成年少女性交易的长篇调查报道。2001年至2005年,爱泼斯坦涉嫌拐卖他国未成年少女为其权贵朋友提供性服务,被害人超过80人。联邦检察官与其达成认罪交易,仅以一项罪名判其服刑13个月,并不再调查涉案权贵客户名单。报道指有政府高官帮助促成了这一极轻量刑的交易。

儿童贫困现象严重。美国农业部发布的数据显示,约六分之一的美国儿童生活在食物缺乏稳定保障的家庭中,经常忍饥挨饿,人数超过1300万。美国人口普查局的统计数据显示,有20.2%的5岁以下儿童生活在贫困中。(注38)

Childrenaresufferingfrompoverty.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,morethan13millionchildren—aboutoneinsix—intheUnitedStatesliveinfamilieswithinconsistentaccesstofood.Thesechildrencanexperiencehungeronaregularbasis.AccordingtofiguresreleasedbyU.S.CensusBureau,20.2percentofAmericanchildrenunder5-years-oldliveinpoverty(www.usatoday.com,October1andOctober10,2018).

美国女性遭受性骚扰和性侵犯的严重威胁,人身安全缺乏保障,面临明显的就业和职场歧视。

TheU.S.womenfacedseverethreatintermsofsexualharassmentandsexualassault,withpersonalsafetyinlackofprotection.Theyalsofaceobviousdiscriminationofemploymentandinworkplace.

性骚扰和性侵犯频发。美国国家公共电台2018年2月21日报道,根据在线调查,81%的女性受访者表示在一生中经历过某种形式的性骚扰,51%的女性受访者表示曾经遭到身体骚扰,27%的女性受访者表示曾遭受性侵犯。(注39)《得梅因纪事报》10月14日报道,艾奥瓦州大约24名议员或议会工作人员卷入到安德森性骚扰案件中。受害人由于担心失业或报复,10余年来不得不保持沉默。该州政府因此案赔偿了175万美元。《今日美国报》9月26日报道,性骚扰、性侵犯在好莱坞已经成为系统性问题。根据对全行业的调查,94%的受访女性表示在职业生涯中经历过某种形式的性骚扰或性侵犯。盖洛普咨询公司网站11月12日报道,美国疾病控制与预防中心发布的报告显示,全国18.3%的女性有过被强奸的经历。担心自己遭受性侵害的美国女性比例已上升至36%,创2011年以来的最高水平。(注40)

女性遭受暴力侵犯。美国国家司法研究所的研究显示,超过五分之四的印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民女性在一生中经历过暴力,其中超过一半的女性经历过性暴力。《赫芬顿邮报》网站2018年11月14日报道,国家犯罪信息中心仅2016年就收到5712例有关原住民妇女失踪的案件报告。《洛杉矶时报》网站10月8日报道,2006年至2014年间,美国5000多名女性被现任或前亲密伴侣枪杀。

Womenunderviolentoffending.ResearchbytheU.S.NationalInstituteofJusticeshowedthatoverfourinfiveAmericanIndianandAlaskaNativewomenhaveexperiencedviolenceintheirlifetime,andmorethanhalfofthemhaveexperiencedsexualviolence.AsreportedbyHuffingtonPostonNovember14,2018,5,712casesofmissingNativewomennationwidewerereportedtotheU.S.NationalCrimeInformationCenterin2016alone.AsreportedbyLosAngelesTimesonOctober8,2018,between2006and2014,morethan5,000womenwereshotandkilledbyacurrentorformerintimatepartner.

男女薪酬差距显著。根据美国人口普查局的数据,美国平均性别工资差距约为19.5%,女性平均收入仅为男性的80.5%。(注41)男女收入实际差距比统计数据还要大。长期来看,女性收入比男性的一半还要略低。在全职工作者中,拥有准学士学位的女性薪酬低于仅拥有高中文凭的男性,拥有硕士学位的女性薪酬低于拥有学士学位的男性。基于性别的工资差距一直在危害女性及其家庭。(注42)

职场歧视普遍存在。《旧金山纪事报》网站2018年12月21日报道,美国职场对孕妇和哺乳期女性的歧视普遍存在。在科学技术领域工作的女性中,有50%的受访者表示在工作中经历过性别歧视。约70%的女性受访者表示,在政界和商界担任高层领导职位的女性太少。(注43)

Prevalentdiscriminationinworkplace.AccordingtoareportbySanFranciscoChronicleonDecember21,2018,discriminationagainstpregnantwomenandnewmothersremainswidespreadintheU.S.workplace.Halfofwomenworkinginscience,technology,engineeringormathjobshaveexperiencedgenderdiscriminationintheworkplace.About70percentofwomensaidthatthereweretoofewwomeninpoliticalandbusinessleadershippositions(www.pewsocialtrends.org,January9andSeptember20,2018).

女性对社会地位的不满情绪高涨。盖洛普咨询公司网站2018年1月10日报道,46%的女性受访者对自己的社会地位表示不满或非常不满,这一比例在2008年的调查中为30%。《纽约时报》网站2018年1月20日报道,数百万人参加“2018女性游行”,对现任政府政策表示强烈抗议。

美国政府污蔑和暴力对待移民,不人道的移民政策强制儿童与父母分离,寻求庇护的妇女、儿童惨遭虐待和性侵,儿童死亡事件令人震惊,受到联合国和国际社会严厉谴责。

TheU.Sgovernmentusedslandersandviolenceagainstimmigrants.Inhumaneimmigrationpoliciesforciblyseparatedmigrantchildrenfromtheirparents.Womenandchildrenseekingshelterandasylumweresufferingfromabusesandsexualassaults.Deathincidentsofchildrenwereappalling.AllthesepracticesoftheUnitedStatesdrewstrongcondemnationfromtheUnitedNationsandtheinternationalcommunity.

Slanderandviolenceagainstimmigrants.TheAtlanticwebsitereportedonDecember12,2018thattheU.S.governmentbeganin2017pursuingthedeportationofmanylong-termimmigrantsfromVietnam,Cambodiaandothercountries,allegingthattheseimmigrantswere"violentcriminalaliens."TheWashingtonPostreportedonNovember26,2018thattheU.S.authoritiesfiredteargasonmultipleoccasionsattheU.S.borderwithMexicotostopimmigrantsfromCentralAmerica,causingmanyinjuries.

移民政策致使儿童与父母骨肉分离。《纽约时报》网站2018年5月12日报道,美国政府2018年4月开始实施“零容忍”政策,边境执法人员在逮捕非法入境者时,强制将其未成年子女另行安置,导致至少2000名儿童被迫与家人分离。英国《卫报》网站6月16日报道,美国国土安全部的数据显示,4月19日至5月31日期间,共有1995名儿童在美国南部边境被强制离开父母家人。该政策在美国国内及国际社会遭致潮水般的严厉批评与抗议。英国《卫报》网站6月23日报道,英国儿童事务专员安妮·朗菲尔德指出,把孩子和父母分开对他们来说既残忍又痛苦,会造成长期的情感伤害。英国一位犹太教领袖劳拉·詹纳-克劳斯纳将美国这一不人道的政策与种族灭绝相提并论。

寻求庇护的妇女、儿童惨遭虐待和性侵。英国《独立报》网站2018年5月23日报道,美国边境执法人员虐待寻求庇护儿童的案件数量惊人增长。有116起虐待寻求庇护儿童的事件被披露,涉事人员被指控对5至17岁的儿童进行身体、性或心理上的虐待。《得克萨斯州论坛报》网站6月20日报道,休斯敦南部的施隆收容所被指控强迫移民儿童服用精神控制药物,导致儿童头痛、情绪低落、敏感紧张、恐惧等。美国移民委员会网站8月30日报道,亚特兰大移民拘留中心卫生条件糟糕,被拘留的移民经常受到“关禁闭”和“单独囚禁”等惩罚。(注44)

《纽约时报》网站11月12日报道,得克萨斯州边境巡逻队的执法人员埃斯特班·曼扎纳雷遇到3名寻求庇护的女性移民,其中有2名未成年人。他将3人驱赶到距边境16英里的一个树林,在那里性侵了一名女孩,毒打了另外两人,之后把流血不止的她们扔在了灌木丛中。检方提供的信息显示,得克萨斯州南部过去4年至少有10人被边境执法人员绑架、强奸或谋杀。美国有线电视新闻网12月26日报道,7岁的危地马拉女孩杰奎琳·卡奥12月8日在被美国海关及边境保卫局拘留后不到48小时死亡。12月24日平安夜,又一名8岁的危地马拉男孩费利佩·阿隆佐-戈麦斯在该机构监管下死亡。

联合国机构严厉谴责美国移民政策。2018年6月2日,联合国人权与国际团结问题独立专家依照联合国人权理事会第35/3号决议提交报告指出,美国政府奉行民粹主义,使用带有种族主义和仇外色彩的措辞污蔑和诋毁移民,并将儿童与其寻求庇护的父母强行分开,上述行径严重危及移民的生命权、尊严和自由权等多项人权。(注45)英国《卫报》网站6月5日报道,联合国人权官员拉维娜·沙姆达尼称:“将拘留和强制拆散家庭作为威慑非正常入境人员的手段,违反了人权标准和原则。美国应立即停止拆散家庭的做法。”她呼吁美国作为全世界唯一未批准《儿童权利公约》的国家应充分尊重儿童权利。

美国推卸国际责任,肆无忌惮地推行“美国优先”的单边主义政策,不断上演“退群”戏码,恃强凌弱,海外军事行动导致人权灾难,成为国际社会普遍谴责的“麻烦制造者”。

TheUnitedStatesshirkedinternationalresponsibilities,carriedouttheunilateralistAmericaFirstpoliciesunscrupulously,repeatedlywithdrewfrominternationalorganizations,bulliedtheweak,andcausedhumanrightsdisastersinitsoverseasmilitaryoperations,andbecamea"troublemaker"thattheinternationalcommunitywidelycondemned.

退出联合国人权理事会。继退出应对气候变化的《巴黎协定》等国际条约和联合国教科文组织等国际组织后,2018年6月19日,美国悍然宣布退出联合国人权理事会。此前一天,联合国人权事务高级专员办公室刚刚抨击了美国在边境地区将移民儿童与父母强制分离的做法。《大西洋月刊》网站2018年6月20日报道,人权专家称美国此举最阴险的意图是为了防止自身受到侵犯人权的指控。

减少人道主义援助。美国政府8月31日宣布将停止向联合国巴勒斯坦难民救济机构提供援助,并威胁要取消美国在约旦河西岸和加沙地带向巴勒斯坦方面提供的超过2亿美元援助项目。此举将加剧本已严峻的人道主义局势。(注46)

Reductionofhumanitarianaid.TheStateDepartmentannouncedonAugust31thattheUnitedStateswouldnolongercontributetotheUnitedNationsreliefagencyforPalestinianrefugees,andthreatenedtocanceltheassistanceprogramstoPalestineworthover200millionU.S.dollarsintheWestBankandGaza,aggravatingthealreadyserioushumanitariansituationinthearea(www.washingtonpost.com,August31,2018;edition.cnn.com,August31,2018).

拒不关闭关塔那摩监狱。美国不顾多年来国际社会的强烈谴责和呼吁,违背承诺继续运行臭名昭著的关塔那摩监狱。大部分被关押在关塔那摩监狱的人都未经审判。(注47)《洛杉矶时报》网站2018年7月26日报道,一名被误认为是极端主义分子的巴基斯坦人,未经审判被关押在关塔那摩监狱长达14年之久,屡遭酷刑折磨,身体和精神遭受严重损害。

RefusaltocloseGuantanamomilitaryprison.Despiteyearsofstrongcondemnationandappealfromtheinternationalcommunity,theUnitedStatesdecidedtobreakitspromiseandkeepthenotoriousGuantanamomilitaryprisoninCubaopen.Mostoftheprisonerswerewithouttrial(www.aljazeera.com,February1,2018).LosAngelesTimesreportedonitswebsiteonJuly26,2018thataPakistani,mistakenforanextremist,wasimprisonedandtorturedinGuantanamoforaslongas14yearswithouttrial,resultinginseriousphysicalandmentaldamage.

Civiliancasualtiesasresultofoverseasmilitaryoperations.AccordingtoaCNNreportonApril14,2018,theUnitedStatesanditsallies,withoutconcreteevidenceorUNSecurityCouncilauthorization,launchedastrikeonSyriainthenameofstrikingSyrianchemicalweaponfacilities.TheGuardianreportedonNovember28thatatleast30Afghancivilians,includingwomenand16children,werekilledinU.S.airstrikesintheAfghanprovinceofHelmand.TheUnitedNationssaidthenumberofciviliancasualtiesfromairstrikesinthefirstninemonthsof2018wasalreadyhigherthaninanyentireyearsinceatleast2009(www.theguardian.com,November28,2018;www.latimes.com,November30,2018).

AssociatedPressreportedonNovember14,2018thattheUnitedStateshadbeenengagedinadronewarinYemenfor16years,causingalargenumberofciviliancasualties.Atleast30civilianswerekilledinadronestrikein2018.StatisticsshowedthattheUnitedStateshadlaunched176dronestrikesin2017and2018,leadingto205deaths.CNNreportedonDecember16,2018thatawar-tornYemenwasinthemidstofmassfamineandcholeraoutbreak,withmorethan22millionpeoplerequiringhumanitarianassistanceandprotection.Anestimated85,000childrenundertheageof5inYemenmayhavediedfromstarvationanddisease.ChrisMurphy,aU.S.senator,said"USisenablingwarthathasmadeYemenahellonearthforcivilians.""ThereisaUSimprintoneachoftheseciviliandeaths."

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