认证主体：宁夏凯米世纪网络科技有限公司
IP属地：宁夏
统一社会信用代码/组织机构代码
91640100MA774ECW4K
1、tortlaw,general,definitiontortlawisthebodyoflawthatdealswithcivilwrongs,exceptthosethatarisefromcontractproblems.purposetocompensateaninjuredpartythroughtheawardofdamagesfortheinjuriesincurredduringatortiousact,intentionaltorts,general,definitionanyintention
2、alactsthatarereasonablyforeseeabletocauseharmtoanindividual,andthatdosointentintentismostoftenprovedthroughcircumstantialevidencethedefendantsconduct,inthecontextofhisorhersurroundingsandwhatheorshepresumablyknewandperceived.,general,transferredintenttran
3、sferredintentisadoctrineusedinbothcriminallawandtortlawwhentheintentiontoharmoneindividualinadvertentlycausesasecondpersontobehurtinstead.underthelaw,theindividualcausingtheharmwillbeseenashavingintendedtheactbymeansofthetransferredintentdoctrine.,a
4、ssault,yellingthewordsnaketoapersonwhomyouknowisinfearofsnakescriminalassaultandtortiousassaultincriminallaw,anassaultcanresultfromanattemptedbattery.sincesomeattemptedbatteriesmighttheoreticallyoccurwhenthevictimissleeping,unconscious,orunawareoftheth
5、reat,criminalassaultcanoccurevenwhennothreatisperceivedbythevictim.,assault,withthetortofassault,aperceivedthreatbythevictimisparamount.adefendantthrowsarockatasleepingvictim.hecanonlybeguiltyoftheattemptedbatteryassault,sincethevictimwouldnotbeawar
6、eofthepossibleharm.,battery,definition(atcommonlaw)anintentionalactcausinganunconsentedharmfuloroffensivecontactwithapersoncriminalbatteryandtortiousbatterycriminallawrecognizesdegreesofcrimesinvolvingphysicalcontact.thereisbutasingletortofbattery.,battery,“
7、harmfulcontactcontactthatobjectivelyintendstoinjure,disfigure,impair,orcausepain“offensivecontactcontactthatwouldoffendapersonssenseofpersonaldignityexamplesspittinginsomeonesface,battery,intentionallyknockingahatoffsomeonesheadorknockingaglassoutofsome-ones
8、handwhippingahorseonwhichaplaintiffwasriding,causingtheplaintifftofallandbeinjured(anurse)failingtowarnablindpatientthatheisheadedtowardanopenwindow,causinghimtofallandinjurehimself,falseimprisonment,definitionthedetentionofapersoninaboundedareawit
9、houtjustificationorconsentelementsintenttoconfineapersonwithinacertainareaactualconfinementawarenessoftheconfinementbythepersonsoconfined,falseimprisonment,absenceofareasonablemeansofescaperemediesacourtmayissueawritofhabeascorpustoreleaseapartyfromunla
10、wfulrestraint.thepersonfalselyimprisonedmaysuetheoffenderfordamages.,iied,definitionshortforintentionalinflictionofemotionaldistressreferredtoasthetortofoutrageinsomejurisdictionsintentionalconductthatresultsinextremeemotionaldistresselementsthedefendantmusta
11、ctintentionallyorrecklessly;,iied,thedefendantsconductmustbeextremeandoutrageous;andtheconductmustcausetheplaintifftosuffersevereemotionaldistress.examplesadefendantrefusedtoinformaplaintiffofthewhereaboutsoftheplaintiffschildforseveralyears,thoughthatdefen
12、dantknewwherethechildwastheentiretime.,iied,adefendantsentalettertoaplaintifffalselyinformingthepersonthataclosefamilymemberhadbeenkilledinanaccident.,statuteoflimitations,definitionanenactmentthatrestrictsthetimewithinwhichlegalproceedingsmaybeinitiated
13、objectivedesignedtopreventclaimsfromarisingafterallevidencehasbeenlostorafterthefactshavebecomeobscurethroughthepassageoftime,orthedeathordisappearanceofwitnesses,statuteoflimitations,functionthestatuteoflimitationsisadefensethatisordinarilyassertedbythe
14、defendanttodefeatanactionbroughtagainsthimaftertheappropriatetimehaselapsed.applicationthedefendantmustraisethedefensebeforethecourtuponansweringtheplaintiffscomplaint.,statuteoflimitations,ifnot,heisregardedashavingwaivedthedefenseandwillnotbepermittedt
15、ouseitinanysubsequentproceedings.tollingthestatutemostjurisdictionsprovidethatlimitationsaretolledundercertaincircumstances.theaggrievedparty(plaintiff)isaminor.theplaintiffhasfiledabankruptcyproceeding.,shopkeepersprivilege,generalinsomejurisdictionsoftheus,
16、thecourtsrecognizeacommonlawshopkeepersprivilege,underwhichashopkeeperisallowedtodetainasuspectedshoplifteronstorepropertyforareasonableperiodoftime,solongastheshopkeeperhascausetobelievethatthepersondetainedinfactcommitted,orattemptedtocommit,theftof
17、storeproperty.,shopkeepersprivilege,requisiteconditionsinvestigationonornearpremisesthedetentionitselfshouldbeeffectedeitheronthestorepremisesorintheimmediatevicinitythereof.reasonablesuspiciontheshopkeeperhasreasonablegroundstosuspecttheparticularpersondetaine
18、disshoplifting.reasonableforceonly,shopkeepersprivilege,onlyreasonable,non-deadlyforceisusedtoeffectthedetention.reasonableperiodandmannerofdetentionthedetentionitselfmaybeforonlythetimenecessarytomakeareasonableinvestigationofthefacts.,propertytorts,general,d
19、efinitionpropertytortsareaspecificclassofintentionaltortswhicharisewhentherightinvadedisapropertyrightratherthanapersonalright.typestrespasstolandenteringsomeoneslandwithoutpermission,general,trespasstochattelshandlingitemsownedbyanotherwithoutpermissioncon
20、versiontakingpossessionofsomeoneelsespropertywiththeintentnottoreturnit,trespasstoland,definitionthewrongfulinterferencewithonespossessoryrightsin(real)propertyitisactionableperse.(itisnotnecessarytoprovethatharmwassufferedtobringaclaim.)interferenceany
21、physicalentrytolandthrowinganythingontheland,trespasstoland,theabuseofarightofentry,whenapersonwhohastherighttoenterthelanddoessomethingnotcoveredbythepermissionlandthesurfaceanythingpermanentlyattachedtotheland,suchashousesthesubsoiltheairspace,tres
22、passtochattels,definitiontheintentionalinterferencewithanotherpersonslawfulpossessionofachattel(movablepersonalproperty)interferenceanyphysicalcontactwiththechattelinaquantifiablewayanydispossessionofthechattel(whetherbytakingit,destroyingit,orbarringtheowne
23、rsaccesstoit),trespasstochattels,elementslackofconsenttheinterferencewiththepropertymustbenon-consensual.actualharmtheinterferencewiththepropertymustresultinactualharm.intentionalitytheinterferencemustbeintentional.,conversion,definitionthewrongfuldispositionof
24、anotherspropertyasifitwereonesownpropertysubjecttoconversionitmustbepersonalproperty:realpropertycannotbelostandthenfound.itmustbetangible:ananimal,money,furniture,tools,orreceipts;,conversion,cropsortimber(aftertheyareseveredfromtheground)therightsina
25、paper,suchasalifeinsurancepolicy,astockcertificate,orapromissorynoteelementstheplaintiffownsorhastherighttopossessthepropertyinquestionatthetimeoftheinterference;thedefendantintentionallyinterferedwiththeplaintiffsproperty;,conversion,theinterferencedepriv
26、edtheplaintiffofpossessionoruseofthepropertyinquestion;andtheinterferencecauseddamagestotheplaintiff.traditionaldefensesabandonmentthepropertyhadbeenabandonedbeforeitwastakenbythedefendant.,conversion,authorityoflawthepropertywastakenbyauthorityoflaw,aco
27、urtorderorvalidprocess.consentthepropertywastakenwithconsentoftheplaintiff,eitherexpressorimplied.fraudoftheplaintifftheplaintiffconveyedpropertytoathirdpersonforpurposesofevadingcreditors.,trespasstochattelsandconversion,similaritybothincludethewrongful,i
28、ntentionalinterferenceofpersonalproperty.differencethedifferencebetweenthemisoneofdegreethedegreeofpossessiontheinterferingpersonhasassumed.ingeneral,whenanobjectisdamagedbutrepairable,trespasstochattelsisthemoreappropriatetort.whensomethingisdestroyedorst
29、olen,conversionismoreappropriate.,trespasstochattelsandconversion,whentrespassisfound,apersoncanrecoverthevalueofthelostuseoftheitemandrecovertheitemitself.conversion,ontheotherhand,allowsapersontorecoverthefullvalueoftheitem.exampleifsomeonestealspro
30、pertyfromyouandyouareabletorecoveritwithminimalornodamages,youmayhaveacauseofactionintrespasstochattel.ifthesamepersonstealsthepropertyandsellsittoanother,youwillhaveacauseofactioninconversion.,negligence,general,definitionconductthatisculpablebecau
31、seitfallsshortofwhatareasonablepersonwoulddotoprotectanotherindividualfromforeseeablerisksofharmelementsthedefendantowedadutytotheplaintiff;thedefendantbreachedthatduty;,general,asaresultofthedefendantsbreachofthatduty,theplaintiffsufferedinjury;andthe
32、injurywasareasonablyforeseeableconsequenceofthedefendantsactionorinaction.,dutyofcare,definitionintortlaw,adutyofcareisalegalobligationimposedonanindividualrequiringthattheyadheretoastandardofreasonablecarewhileperforminganyactsthatcouldforeseeablyharm
33、others.foreseeability,dutyofcare,inmanystates,theonlytestiswhethertheharmtotheplaintifffromthedefendantsactionswasforeseeable.,standardofcare,definitionthedegreeofprudenceandcautionrequiredofanindividualwhoisunderadutyofcarethereasonablepersonstandardeach
34、personowesadutytobehaveasareasonablepersonwouldunderthesameorsimilarcircumstances.,standardofcare,factorsinvolved:theknowledge,experience,andperceptionofthepersontheactivitythepersonisengaginginthephysicalcharacteristicsofthepersonthecircumstancessurroundi
35、ngthepersonsactions,nied,generalshortfornegligentinflictionofemotionaldistressacontroversialcauseofactioncontrastwithiiedthereisnoneedtoproveintenttoinflictdistress.(thatis,anaccidentalinfliction,ifnegligent,issufficienttosupportacauseofaction.),nied,underl
36、yingconceptonehasalegaldutytousereasonablecaretoavoidcausingemotionaldistresstoanotherindividual.ifonefailsinthisdutyandunreasonablycausesemotionaldistresstoanotherperson,thatactorwillbeliableformonetarydamagestotheinjuredindividual.,contributorynegligenc
37、e,definitionadefensethatbarsaplaintifffromrecoveryifhisorherownactsoromissionscontributetotheinjuryburdenofproofinsomejurisdictions,thedefendanthastoprovethenegligenceofaplaintifforclaimant.inothers,theburdenisonaplaintifftodisprovehisownnegligence.
38、,contributorynegligence,defectitisoftenregardedasunfairbecauseunderthedoctrineavictimwhoisatfaulttoanydegree,includingonly1%atfault,willbedeniedcompensationentirely.,comparativenegligence,definitionadefensethatreducestheamountofdamagesthataplaintiffcanreco
39、verinanegligence-basedclaimbaseduponthedegreetowhichtheplaintiffsownnegligencecontributedtotheinjurytypespurecomparativenegligenceifaplaintiffis90%atfaultheorshecanstillrecover10%ofhislosses.,comparativenegligence,partialcomparativenegligenceifaplaintiff
40、ismorethan50%atfaultheorshecannotrecover.,assumptionofrisk,definitionadefenseinthelawoftorts,whichbarsaplaintifffromrecoveryagainstanegligenttortfeasorifthedefendantcandemonstratethattheplaintiffvoluntarilyandknowinglyassumedtherisksatissueinherenttot
41、hedangerousactivityinwhichhewasparticipatingatthetimeofhisinjury,assumptionofrisk,theoryuponassumptionoftherisk,thereisnolongeradutyofcarerunningfromthedefendanttotheplaintiff.withoutadutyowedbythedefendant,therecanbenonegligenceonhispart.applicatio
42、nthisdefenseiscommonlyusedincasesofinjuriesoccurringduringriskyrecreationalactivities.,strictliabilitytorts,general,strictliabilityintortlaw,strictliabilityisliabilitywithoutfault(suchasnegligenceortortiousintent).policybasisundercertaincircumstances,aplaintiff
43、maybeallowedrecoveryeventhoughthereisnofaultonthepartofthedefendant.,general,applicationstrictliabilityoftenappliestothoseengagedinhazardousorinherentlydangerousactivities:blastingstoringinherentlydangeroussubstanceskeepingwildanimalsitalsoappliestosellersa
44、ndmanufacturers.,productliability,definitiontheresponsibilityofamanufacturerorvendorofgoodstocompensateforinjurycausedbydefectivemerchandisethatithasprovidedforsaleproductliabilityclaimsintheusnegligenceclaimsstrictliabilityclaimsbreachofwarrantyclaimsvarious
45、consumerprotectionclaims,productliability,typesofliabilitymanufacturingdefectmanufacturingdefectsarethosethatoccurinthemanufacturingprocessandusuallyinvolvepoor-qualitymaterialsorshoddyworkmanship.designdefectdesigndefectsoccurwheretheproductdesignisinherentlyda
46、ngerousoruseless(andhencedefective)nomatterhowcarefullymanufactured.,productliability,failure-to-warndefect(alsoknownasmarketingdefect)failure-to-warndefectsariseinproductsthatcarryinherentnonobviousdangerswhichcouldbemitigatedthroughadequatewarningstotheuser,an
47、dthesedangersarepresentregardlessofhowwelltheproductismanufacturedanddesignedforitsintendedpurpose.,ultra-hazardousactivity,generalanultra-hazardousactivityinthecommonlawoftortsisonethatissoinherentlydangerousthatapersonengagedinsuchanactivitycanbehelds
48、trictlyliableforinjuriescausedtoanotherperson,evenifthepersonengagedintheactivitytookeveryreasonableprecautiontopreventothersfrombeinginjured.,ultra-hazardousactivity,categoriestransportation,storage,anduseofultra-hazardousmaterialsdynamiteandotherexplosivesradi
49、oactivematerialscertainhazardouschemicalskeepingofdangerousanimalswildanimals(i.e.animalsthatarenotnormallydomesticatedinthatarea)domesticatedanimalsthathaveaknownpropensityfordangerousbehavior,nuisance,general,definitionsomethingthatcausesoffence,annoyance,troubl
50、eorinjurythelawofnuisanceunderthecommonlaw,personsinpossessionofrealpropertyareentitledtothequietenjoymentoftheirlands.ifaneighborinterfereswiththatquietenjoyment,theaffectedpartymaymakeaclaiminnuisance.,general,typesprivatenuisanceacivilwrongaviolatio
51、nofonesuseorquietenjoymentoflandpublicnuisanceacriminalwronganunreasonableinterferencewiththepublicsrighttopropertyitincludesconductthatinterfereswithpublichealth,safety,peaceorconvenience.,privatenuisance,definitionaninterferencewithapersonsuseorquietenjoymentofhislandrequirementscontinuousinterferencetheinterferencemustbedoneoveracer