1、TheTrialofSheriffJosephShippetal.:AnAccount1.THEFACT2.THETRIALANDAPPEALS3.THELYNCHINGOFEDJOHNSON4.TRIALINTHESUPREMECOURTOFTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEFACTTheShipptrialhasitsrootsinarapethattookplaceonadarkJanuaryeveningin1906theSt.ElmodistrictofChattanooga.On
2、January23,1906,Twenty-one-yearoldNevadaTaylor,onherwayhomefromherbookkeepingjobindowntownChattanooga,israpedbyablackmanwithasoft,kindvoiceshortlyafter6:30p.m.inSt.ElmoCemetery.SheriffJosephShippdirectsasearchfortherapist,witnesses,andevidence.Thesearc
3、hturnsuponlyablackleatherstrapusedintherape.January24,1906Shippoffersa$50rewardtoanyoneprovidinginformationthatleadstothearrestandconvictionoftheSt.Elmorapist.Bythenextday,therewardfundgrowsto$375.theSt.ElmodistrictofChattanooga查塔努加圣埃尔莫区rapist强奸犯Jan
4、uary25,1906WillHixon,awhitemanwhoworkedneartherapescene,tellsShippthathesawablackmantwirlingaleatherstraparoundhisfingershortlybeforetherape.HixonlatercallsShipptoreporthavingseenthesuspectwalkingtowardtown.Shippeventuallyfindsthesuspect,EdJohnson,
5、ridingonanicetruckandarrestshim.ShippquestionsJohnsonforthreehours,butJohnsonclaimstoknownothingoftherape.Over1,500peoplegatherinthecourtyardinfrontofthejailwheretheyassumeJohnsonisbeingheld.Manyinthecrowdhavegunsorrope.Thelynchmobstormsthejail
6、.TennesseeGovernorCoxorderstheNationalGuardtoprotectthejail,butitisheavilydamaged.Johnson,whohadbeenmovedtoNashvilleearlierinthedayoutofaconcernthathemightbelynched,isunharmed.Tennessee田纳西州Nashville纳什维尔jail监狱THETRIALANDAPPEALSFebruary6,1906Johnsonis
7、returnedunderaheavily-armedguardtoChattanoogaforthestartofhistrial.NevadaTaylortestifies,identifyingJohnsonasherattacker.WillHixontellsthejury,ThisdefendanthereistheNegroIsawwithastrapinhishand.JohnsontestifiesthathewasattheLastChanceSaloonattheti
8、meoftherape,aclaimsupportedbyanumberofsaloonpatrons.February7,1906Thedefensecalls17additionalwitnesses,thenrests.February8,1906Taylortestifiesforasecondtime.AskedbyajurorwhethershecanstatepositivelythatthisistheNegro,Tayloranswers,Iwillnotswearthat
9、heistheman,butIbelieveheistheNegrowhoassaultedme.Ajuroryells,IfIcouldgetathim,Idtearhisheartoutrightnow.Closingargumentsaredeliveredandthecasegoestothejury.February9,1906Aftersevenhoursofdeliberation,thejuryreturnsitsverdictofGuilty.JudgeMcReyn
10、oldssentencesJohnsontobehangedonMarch13additional额外assaulted殴打juror陪审员deliberation审议February12,1906JohnsonsattorneystellJudgeMcReynoldstheyplantoappealOnMarch3，1906，theTennesseeSupremeCourt，withoutadissentingvote，turneddownJohnsonsrequestforanewtrial.Writi
11、ngfortheCourt，ChiefJusticeW.D.Beardwrote，Wehavegiventhetechnicalrecordamostscrutinizinginspectiontoseeifseriouserrorsweretheretobediscovered，buthavebeenunabletofindany.SheriffShipporderedhisdeputiestobeganstretchingtheinchthickropethatwouldbeusedt
12、ohangJohnsononMarch13.Afteraseriesofappeals,JudgeClarkannouncedthathewouldissuehisdecisionlaterthatevening.Shortlybefore1：00a.m.，thejudgereturnedtohiscourtroom.JudgeClarkagreedthattheremighthavebeenseriousflawsinJohnsonstrial，butheruledthattheSixthA
13、mendmentsguaranteeofafairtrialdidnotapplyinstatecourttrials.HerejectedJohnsonsequalprotectionclaimaswell.Inasmallvictoryforthedefense，however，ClarkpostponedJohnsonshangingfortendays（laterreduced，inaconcessiontoangeredstateofficials，tosevendays）toallow
14、timeforhisdecisiontobeappealedtotheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.attorneys律师deputies人大代表stretching拉伸concession让步THELYNCHINGOFEDJOHNSONonMarch19,1906About8:00p.m.,agroupofmencarryinggunsapproachthejailwhereEdJohnsonisbeingheld.Themobbeginsanattackonthejai
15、l.TheybattertheirwaythroughonedoorafteranotheruntiltheygetintoJohnsonscell.Johnsoncloseshiseyesandrecitesthe23rdPsalm.At11:20,thethugsfinallygettoJohnson,throwaropeoverhisneckandmarchhimoutsidetothecheersofthemob.JohnsonisparadedsixblockstotheW
16、alnutStreetBridge.HislastwordsbeforeheisswungbyropeovertheTennesseeRiverareGodblessyouall.Iaminnocent.March20,1906BlacksinChattanoogaprotestthelynchingofEdJohnsonbystayinghomefromwork.Themayorordersallsaloonsclosedand200menaredeputized.InWashington
17、,justicesoftheSupremeCourtmeettodiscusswhatmightbedoneaboutthelynching.JusticeHarlansays,themandateoftheSupremeCourthasforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthecountrybeenopenlydefiedbyacommunity.JusticeOliverWendellHolmestellsreporters,Inalllikelihood,this
18、wasacaseofaninnocentmanimproperlybrandedaguiltybruteandcondemnedtodiefromthestart.PresidentTheodoreRooseveltalsocondemnedthelynching,callingitcontemptuousoftheCourt.paraded游街示众innocent无辜brute畜生condemned谴责contemptuous轻视TRIALINTHESUPREMECOURTOFTHEUNITEDSTA
19、TESAmonthlater，AttorneyGeneralMoodymetwithChiefJusticeFullerandJusticeHarlan.Anhourofdebateproducedanhistoricagreement：theChattanoogaconspiratorswouldbetriedbytheCourtforcriminalcontempt.Itwouldbethefirstand，todate，theonlycriminaltrialinthehistoryofth
20、eUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.TheAttorneyGeneralagreedtofilechargeswiththeclerkoftheSupremeCourt.TheJusticeDepartment，ratherthantheCourt（aswasatonetimediscussed），wouldleadtheprosecution.OnMay28，1906，theJusticeDepartmentfiledpapersaccusingtwenty-sevenChattan
21、oogaresidentsofconspiringtolynchandmurderEdJohnson.NamedinthepaperswereSheriffJosephShippandeightofhisdeputies.conspirators阴谋家prosecution控告OnNovember15，1909，SheriffShippandtheotherconvicteddefendantsstoodbeforetheninejusticesoftheSupremeCourttoreceivetheirsentences.JusticeFullerannounced：You，SheriffJosephF.Shipp，JeremiahGibson，LutherWilliams，NickNolan，HenryPadgett，andWilliamMayes，arebeforethiscourtonanatta