1、WhyWhatToolsHowAdditionaladvice&coursedescriptionArrangementofthetextbookHomeWhattolearnTolearnandrefineyourownEnglish（扎实的基本功，法律语言句式复杂，长句多）AcquirethelanguageoflawAcquireknowledgeofthebasiclegalconceptsSomefeaturesoflegallanguagecommonwordswithspecialmeaningOl
2、dandMiddleEnglishwordsLatinwordsandphrasesFrenchwordsUseofargotLongsentenceWORDSLEGALMEANINGaction诉讼Consideration补偿/对价/约因Counterpart副本executed签名使契据生效Hand签字Instrument文件eg.Legalinstrument:legaldocument(1)commonwordswithspecialmeaningWORDSLEGALMEANINGLetters许可证Party诉讼方、
3、合同缔结方、当事人Prayer诉讼请求Presents本文件thislegaldocumentSaid上述的mentionedbeforeEg.thesaidwitness该证人Serve送达Specialty盖印合同sealedcontractProvidefor规定Remedy补救办法(2)OldandMiddleEnglishwordsIfanyofthetermsorprovisionsofthisContractshallbedeclaredillegalorunenforceablebyanycourto
4、fcompetentjurisdiction,thenthepartiesheretoagreetodoallthingsandcooperateinallwaysopentothemtoobtainsubstantiallythesameresultorasmuchthereofasmaybepossible,includingtheamendmentoralterationofthesepresents若主管法庭宣布本合同任何条款或规定非法或无效，双方同意将尽最大努力采取一切可行措施，包括修改或更换合同，以
5、取得大体相同或尽可能多的效益herewords:hereafter（此后、将来）,hereby（籍此）,herein（此中、此处）,hereinafter（在下文）,hereof,heretotherewords:thereby,thereof（因此）,therein（在那里）,thereon,thereto,theretofore,thereupon,therewithaforesaid如前所述said(usedasanadjective)Such上述的forthwith立刻thence从那时起,thenceforth从那时起/其后Wherewor
6、ds:whereby（由是、因此）,whereof（关于它）witness(usedinthesenseoftestimonybysignature,oath,etc.as“Inwitnesswhereof,Ihavesetmyhand,.”签字盖章,特此为证witnesseth鉴于(meaningtoprovideformalevidenceofsomething,theOldEnglishpresentindicative,thirdpersonsingularverbform.)(3)Latinwords
7、andphrasesalias别名,化名Alibi不在犯罪现场的证明/不在犯罪现场一种辩护形式bonafide善意/真诚的versus(4)FrenchwordsAction诉讼Agreement协议Appeal上诉arrestarson纵火assault袭击attorneys律师battery殴打罪bill法案、议案claim索取Condition条款contractevidence契约法、合同法execution执行guarantee担保物/抵押品infant未成年人judgesjudgment审判jurors陪审员justice(5)Useof
8、argotThelanguageofthelaw,sometimesevenaparticularword,hasadualaspect.Lawyersuselanguagethatisintendedtospeaktolawyersandlaymen,asincontracts,juryinstructions,notices,andevenlaws.Lawyersalsouselanguagethatisintendedtospeakprimarilytoeachother,asinpl
10、ffact关于事实的争论点issueoflaw关于引用法律的争论点pursuanttostipulationreversedandremanded发回重审superiorcourt高级法院Anypersonwho,withoutlawfulauthorityorreasonableexcuse,whilehavingdealingsofanykindwithanyotherpublicbody,offersanyadvantagetoanypublicservantemployedbythatpublicbody
11、,shallbeguiltyofanoffence.任何人与其它公共机构进行任何事务往来时,无合法权限或合理理由而向受雇于该公共机构的公职人员提供任何利益即属犯罪。statuten.制定法，联邦、州、市或县的立法机关均可制定，专指以立法形式创设的法律。legislation立法；立法活动；制定法（总称）code：法典n.e.g.美国统一商法典（UniformCommercialCode,简称UCC）civillaw：罗马法；罗马法系；大陆法系；民法法系commonlaw：普通法；普通法系；判例法系After-classassignment1:Whatar
12、ethemajorlegalsystemsintheworldtodayThedifferenceamongthemExplainwithin8mins.Commonlaw普通法Judge-madelaw法官制定的法Precedent判例、先例（早些时候发生的案例，其判决结果可作为现在及将来类似案件的判决依据）Civillawsystem大陆法Precedent/previousjudicialdecisionisbindingandisconsideredasasourceoflaw(thedistinctive
14、w-thevalidityofwhichcannotbequestionedbyanyEnglishcourt2.Courtsandtribunalscourt法庭tribunal裁判庭arbitration仲裁exercisev.执行、行使CourtofAppeal上诉法庭Courtoffirstinstance/Trialcourt初审法庭thesupremecourt最高法院3.judgesLordChancellor(英国上议院的)大法官themostimportantjudgeinBritain4.he
15、aringhearv.审理adversarialprocedure辩论式诉讼程序adversarysystem对抗制诉讼模式，此制度允许双方当事人为了获得有利于自己的判决而进行辩论，法官只能就辩论的范围以第三者的姿态加以决断。其区别于大陆法系国家纠问制诉讼模式（inquisitorialsystem）plaintiff原告testimony证词cross-examine交叉盘问，<律>向(对方证人)反询问Self-reading:p264-2675.Legalprofession律师制度Lawyer可以包括律师、检查官、法官、法学教师，亦可译为“法律人”美国的
16、律师通常称为attorney英国的律师分为barrister和solicitorbarrister(英国有资格在高等法庭作辩护的)专门律师,出庭律师，大律师solicitor的意思【英】初级律师(法律咨询，只能在低级法庭出庭的律师)Barrister一词，源自英格兰法律，多用于英国、新加坡等国和香港地区，又称“大律师”、“巴律师”、“高级律师”、“出庭律师”、“辩护律师”、“专门律师”，指那些能在英国上级法院执行律师职务的律师。Barrister（大律师），一般是精通某门法律或某类案件的专家。他们不仅通过辩护为当事人提供法律服务，而且回答小律师们（solicitor）提出的疑难问题。
19、栏，现转用来指“律师界”，是律师的总称。它与thebench（法官）相对应。ContractLawBasicstructureWarm-upactivityEssentialterms术语Puttingthetermstouse术语运用Whatiscontract什么是合同FormsofContracts合同形式ClausesofContracts合同条款PrinciplesoftheContractLaw合同法原则Howisacontractformed合同的缔结Warm-up:discussionWorkwithyourpar
20、tnerandlistatleast3exchangescoveredbycontracts,suchasthesaleofahouse.Buyingacar;leasingacar;anemploymentcontract;takingavacation(thecontractbetweenyouandthehotelortravelagent);obtainingacreditcard.WhatcommonelementsdosuchexchangeshaveTwoormorepartie
21、sOfferacceptanceEssentialterms重要术语Offer要约：作为或不作为的许诺Offeror要约人：提出商品或服务要约的自然人或公司（卖方）Offeree受要约人：接受要约的自然人或公司（买方）Acceptance承诺：对要约条款和条件的接受Puttingthetermstouse（术语的运用）Readthefollowingcontractform-abillofsaleforautomobilesBILLOFSALEDated:_,referredtoas“SELLER”,sells,bargainsandcon
22、veysallofSELLERSrights,titleandinterestin:Make:_Model:_Styleofthevehicle:_Yearofvehicle:_VehicleIdentificationNumber(VIN):_to_,referredtoas“BUYER”,hisheirsandassigns.Thepartiesagreetothetermsandconditionsstatedherein:_,SELLER(signature)_(typedname)_,BUYER(s
23、ignature)_(typedname)出售单日期：，即为“卖方”，出售、议价和转让下述车辆的权利和利益：制造：型号：款式：生产日期车辆确认号码：给，即“买方”，及其继承人和指定人。双方同意上述条款：，卖方（签名）（打印的名字），买方（签名）（打印的名字）WhatiscontractAnagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting1.competentparties有法定资格的主体2.le
24、galsubjectmatter合法的标的3.mutualityofagreement意思表示一致4.mutualityofobligation互负责任CompetentpartiesHaveappropriatecivilcapacityofrightandcivilcapacityofconductHavetheabilitytounderstandandagreetothetermsofthecontractMentallycompetentMinorsareoftennotconsidered“compet
25、ent”.Kieferv.FredHoweMotors,Inc.Ayoungman,technicallyaminor,boughtacar.However,hethendecidedthathedidntlikethecarandtriedtotakeitbacktothedealer.Thedealerwouldnttakethecarbackandrefundtheyoungmansmoneysotheyoungmansuedforrescission.Theyoungmanw
26、on,andthedealerhadtogivehimbackhismoneybecauseacontractwithaminorisnt(usually)validFormsofContractsAcontractcanbeconcludedinwritten,oral,orotherformsWrittenforms:awrittencontractualagreement,letters,telegram,telex,fax,e-mails,etc.Ifthereisawrittencontra
27、ctsignedtogetherwithonepartysoralcommitmentwhichcontainssometermsinconsistentwiththewrittencontract,thenwhich（thewrittencontract/oralcommitment)shouldbevalidAvideoclip“Comeoninside,Alex,andwelltalkaboutwhatyouwantfordinner.”CanAlexinsistthathebeserv
28、edwhathewantsfordinnerbasedonthis“contract”agreeingtotalkaboutsomethingisnotthesamethingasmakingacontractAlexandhisroommatehaveadeal.Alexpaysforthegroceries,andtheroommatecooks.Everydayforayear,Alexsroommatehasaskedhimwhathewantedfordinnerandthe
29、npreparedexactlythat.TonighttheroommatecookssomethingthatAlexhates.Alexisfuriousandthinkstheroommatehasviolatedthe“contract”.DoyouagreeWhyTherehasbeenacourseofdealingestablishedovertheyearCaseanalysisClausesofContracts1.titleornameanddomicileofthepart
30、ies2.contractobject3.quantity4.quality5.priceorremuneration6.timelimit,placeandmethodofperformance7.liabilityforbreachofcontract8.methodstosettledisputesPrinciplesoftheContractLawPrincipleofEqualityPrincipleofVoluntarinessPrincipleofGoodFaithPrincipleofAbidingby
31、theLawsandRegulations,ObservingSocialEthicsandtheSocioeconomicOrderHowisacontractformedOffer+acceptance=bonafidecontract.Anofferadefinitepromiseorproposalmadebytheofferortotheoffereewiththeintentiontobeboundbysuchpromiseorproposalwithoutfurthernegotia
32、tion.Itscontentsshouldbedetailedanddefinite.e.g.“Igiveyou$100foryournotsuingme.“e.g.“Iwillnotsueyouifyourepayme$100.”ThetermsofanvalidoffermustbeclearanddefiniteThemorespecificthetermsofanydocumentare,themorelikelyonecouldclaimthatanofferwasmad
33、e.Avalidoffermustbedirectedtothespecificallyidentifiedofferee-shouldnotbevagueorambiguouseg.Inmanycases,advertisementsarenotoffersbutaresimplydevicestobeginnegotiationsbecausethereisnodefiniteofferee.Thepeoplewhoreadtheadoftenbecometheofferorswhenthey
34、“offer”tobuywhatevertheadisselling.Whenthebuyercontactstheseller,bothpartiesarefinallyclearlyidentified.Offermustbedistinguishedfrom“invitationtooffer”/”invitationtotreat”Thestepbeforeacceptanceisanoffer.Thestepbeforeanofferisinvitationtooffer.扩展知识法律英语典型句的翻
35、译（iii）Somelanguagepointsinthetextbook4.WHERE在普通英文中，用where引导的状语从句，一般为地点状语从句。但在法律英文中，where引导的是法律条款中的条件状语从句，相当于“inthecasewhere”。在香港，其最典型的译法是“凡.”or“如.”。例如：例1Whereadefendantisfinedandthesameisnotforthwithpaid,themagistratemayorderthedefendanttobesearched.凡被告人被判处罚款但没有随即缴
36、付罚款裁判官可命令搜查被告人。例2WhereaclaimanthasaclaimwhichexceedsthemonetaryamountmentionedintheScheduleandwhich,butfortheexcess,wouldnotbewithinthejurisdictionoftheBoard,theclaimantmayabandontheexcess,andthereupontheBoardshallhavejurisdictiontoinquireinto,hearand
37、determinetheclaim.如只因申索人的申索超逾附表所述的款额以致该申索超逾仲裁处的司法管辖权范围则申索人可放弃追讨超额的款项而在此情况下仲裁处有查讯聆讯及裁决该宗申索的司法管辖权。IntroductiontoChineseLawItsuniquenessliesin.Themultiplelegaljurisdictions,ThestrikingChinesecharacteristicsmanifestedbythetraditionalheritageanduniquesolutionstotheproblemsoft
38、ransitionaleconomy,andSignificantexternalelementsincludingcivillawtradition,commontraditionandheritageofformerSovietUnion.TheUniqueChineseLawFamilyOneunitarycountrywithmultiplelegaljurisdictionsWhatislegaljurisdictionHowmanylegaljurisdictionsdoesChinahaveWhatar
39、etheylegaljurisdiction法域/法律管辖区域：指自有一套法律制度的区域。legalsystem法律体系/法律制度：指在一个区域内（国家地区）的能系统存在和运行的法律整体。legalfamily/lawfamily/familyoflaw/legaltradition/legalgroup法系/法律传统：比较法学概念,含义却不很确定。一般可以理解为由若干国家和特定地区的、具有某种共性或共同传统的法律的总称。Threelegaljurisdictions:1)thePeoplesRepublicofChina
40、(PRC)(law),2)HongkongSpecialAdministrativeRegion(HKSAR)(law),3)MacauSARlaw,4)SignificantExternalInfluencesTheChineselawissaidtobesignificantlyinfluencedbyWesternlegaltraditionsincludingthecivillawtradition,commonlawtraditionandthelawofformerSovietUnion.在中华人民
41、共和国境内，我国大陆和台湾地区、澳门地区主要继受的是大陆法，而我国香港地区继受的是英美法。StrikingChinesecharacteristicsTraditionalChineselawsystemhasahistoryofmorethan2000years,anditwasonceoneofthefourmajorlawfamiliestogetherwiththeAnglo-Americancommonlawfamily,EuropeanRomanlawfamily,andtheIslamlawfamil
42、y.SourcesandhierarchyofChineselawHowdoyoudefine“sourcesoflaw”SourcesandhierarchyofChineselawSourcesoflaw法律渊源-alsoknownasformsoflaw,refertoformsofexpressionoflaw.WhatarethesourcesofChineselaw我国的法律渊源包括哪些？以宪法为核心的制定法形式，法律渊源可分为以下几类：（1）宪法：具有最高的法律地位和法律效力，是最高的法律渊源
43、。宪法主要由两个方面的基本规范组成，一是中华人民共和国宪法。二是其它附属的宪法性文件，主要包括：主要国家机关组织法、选举法、民族区域自治法、特别行政区基本法、国籍法、国旗法、国徽法、保护公民权利法及其他宪法性法律文件。（2）法律专指由全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会制定颁布的规范性法律文件，即狭义的法律，其法律效力仅次于宪法（3）最高国家行政机关的行政法规和法规性文件：行政法规是国家最高行政机关国务院制定的有关国家行政管理的规范性文件的总称。其法律地位和法律效力仅次于宪法和法律，但高于地方性法规和法规性文件。（4）地方国家机关的地方性法规和法规性文件：指省、自治区、直辖市
44、以及省级政府所在地的市和经国务院批准的较大的市的权力机关，在其法定的权限内制定的地方性法规和法规性文件。地方性法规只在本辖区内有效。（5）民族自治地方的自治条例和单行条例：根据宪法和民族区域自治法的规定，民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点，制定自治条例和单行条例。其适用范围是该民族自治地方。（6）特别行政区的规范性法律文件：特别行政区根据宪法和法律的规定享有行政管理权、立法权、独立的司法权和终审权。特别行政区的各类法的形式，是我国法律的一部分，是我国法律的一种特殊形式。（7）国际条约：经我国政府签订、加入、承认后的国际条约也是我国的一种法的渊源。国际条约的名
45、称，除条约外还有公约、协定、议定书、宪章、盟约、换文和联合宣言等。HowtodeterminethevalidityoflawsandregulationsatdifferentlevelsAndatthesamelevelThehierarchyoflawsisdeterminedbytherespectivelegislativebodies.Thehigherthelegislativebodyis,thehigherthevalidityofsuchlaws.Tworulesgovernthe
46、validityoflawsandregulationsatdifferentlevels.1)TheConstitutionisofthesupremeauthority.2)LawsandregulationsathigherlevelsaresuperiortothoseatlowerlevelsHowtodeterminethevalidityoflawsandregulationsatthesamelevelthen1)Speciallawprevailsovergenerallaw;特别
47、法的效力高于一般法2)Newlawprevailsoveroldlaw.新法优于旧法CaseAnalysisWangYingisahighschoolteacherinHenanprovince.On5Apr.1997,herhusbanddiedofpancreasdiseasecausedbyoverdrinkingspirit.Shebelievesthatdrinkingspiritcausedherhusbandsdeath.Likesmoking,drinkingisharmful.No
48、wthat“smokingisharmfultohealth”isrequiredtobeshownonthecigarettebox.WhydoesntthespiritbreweryuseasimilarwarningonthelabelofspiritbottlesIn1998,shewenttocourttosuethebrewerysfailureforprovidingsuchawarningonthelabelofspiritbottles.Sheclaimedecon
49、omiclossesandspiritualdamagesforlosingherhusbandtotalingRMB600,000.ThecourtheldthatthespiritbrewerywasnotobligatedtooffersuchawarninginaccordancewiththeStandardfortheLabelingofAlcoholicBeverage饮料酒标签标准Courtsofbothfirstandsecondinstancedeniedherrequest.As
50、sumethattheaboveStandardsappliedbythecourtisaministerialrule.Thereareotherministerialrules,whichareofthesamerankwithsaidStandards,suchasMethodsforAdministeringAdvertisementsofAlcoholicBeverageissuedbytheStateAdministrationforIndustryandCommercein1995,Pr
51、ovisionsonProductLabelsandCaptionsissuedbytheStateQualityandTechnicalSupervisionBureau国家质量技术监督局in1997.Theserulesrequesttheproducerstoprovideawarningonlabeliftheinappropriateuseofsaidproductmightendangerhumanhealth.Still,therearelawsinpoint.Article18ofth
52、eConsumersRightsandInterestsProtectionLawprovidesthatiftheproductsandservicemightendangerthehumanbodyorsafetyofproperty,theoperatorincludingthemanufacturershallmakeanauthenticexplanationandanexpresswarning,andexplainandindicatehowtousetheproductorreceiv
53、etheservicecorrectlysoastopreventtheinjury.SimilarprovisionscanbefoundintheProductQualityLaw.扩充知识法律英语典型句的翻译（ii）2.SUBJECTTO该短语在法律英文中一般都跟“agreement”,“section”,“contract”等法律文件名或文件中特定条款名配合使用。例1Subjecttothissection,anappealshallbebroughtinsuchmannerandshallbesubje
54、cttosuchconditionsasareprescribedbyrulesmadeundersubsection(5).在符合本条的规定下,上诉须按根据(5)款订立的规则内订明的方式提出,并须受该规则所订明的条件规限。例2Subjecttosubsection(3),theBoardshallhavejurisdictiontoinquireinto,hearanddeterminetheclaimsspecifiedintheSchedule.除第（3）款另有规定外仲裁处具备查讯聆讯及裁决附表内指明的申索的司法管辖权
55、。通常可翻译成“以为条件”、“根据规定”、“在符合的情况下”、“除另有规定外”以及“在不抵触下”等。3WITHOUTPREJUDICETO这个英文法律短语的功能相当于普通英文中的“withoutaffecting”。与上一节“subjectto.”的句法结构相同，跟在“withoutprejudiceto”这个短语之后的通常是一个指代某项法律条款的名词。但对有关事物或条款的规限程度，没有前者那么强硬。前者规限的程度是必须“符合”或“依照”有关条款或规定，后者指不要影响或损害其规限的事物。例1Withoutprejudicetosection24,thefollowingwillshallbetreatedasproperlyexecuted.在不影响第24条规定的原则下以下的遗嘱须视为正式签立例2WithoutprejudicetotherightsoftheAttorneyGeneraleverycomplainantorinformantshallbeatlibertytoconductthecomplaintorinformationrespectivelyandt