Englishhaslotsofwordsformembersofthelegalprofession.TheheadoftheU.S.JusticeDepartmentistheattorneygeneral,andthesolicitorgeneralreportstohimorher.Thepresident’slawyeriscalledtheWhiteHousecounsel,whilethosewhoarguecasesbeforetheSupremeCourtareadvocates.Allsortsoflawyerscanidentifythemselvesasesquires.
英语中有很多描述法律从业人员的词汇。美国司法部的最高领导是总检察长,副检察长向他/她汇报。总统的律师被称为白宫律师,而那些在最高法院辩论案件的人是辩护律师。各种各样的律师都可以自称为乡绅。
AccordingtotheAmericanBarAssociation,thereare1.3millionlawyersintheUnitedStates.That’smorethanthenumberofmechanicalengineers,firefighters,andgarbagecollectorscombined.CouldthisbountyoflitigatorsbewhyEnglishhassomanydifferentwordsforlawyerNo,butlawyerjokeshavebeenaroundsincetheplaysofAristophanes,circa400B.C.WehavesomanytermsforthembecauseoftheconvoluteddevelopmentoftheEnglishandAmericancourtsystems.
根据美国律师协会的数据,全美有130万名律师。这比机械工程师、消防员和清洁工加起来的总数都多。这么多诉讼律师是英语中有许多称呼律师的不同词汇的原因吗?并非如此,但是从公元前400年左右的阿里斯托芬的戏剧开始,就已经出现了有关于律师的笑话。我们有这么多关于律师的术语,是因为英美两国发展复杂的法庭系统。
Today,theBritishlegalsystemdivideslawyersintotwogroups,solicitorsandbarristers.IntheU.S.,solicitanditsderivativeshavebecomedisreputable.Whileit’sstillpossibleinnocentlyto“solicitdonations,”theverbistaintedbyanassociationwithprostitution,andthenounisrarelyusedexceptondoorsignsthatwarn“Nosolicitors,”e.g.,noonemayknocktosellaproductortoutacandidate.
如今,英国的法律体系将律师分为两类,事务律师(solicitors)和出庭律师(barristers)。然而在美国,“推销(solicit)”及其派生词已经声名狼藉。虽然“募集捐款”这个词可能是无辜的例外,但这个动词却与卖淫有了关联,除了在门牌上写着“推销员勿扰”这种情况(例如,任何人不得敲门推销产品或宣传竞选人)该词的名词形式也很少被人使用。
InBritain,solicitors(firstusedinthe16thcentury)originallyworkedonlyinaparticularbranchofthelegalsystem,thecourtsofequity;todaytheyarelawyerswhoadviseclientsandarrangesettlements“behindthescenes”butdon’targuecasesincourt.
在英国,事务律师(最初于16世纪开始使用)最初只在法律系统的一个特定分支——衡平法院工作;如今,他们是在“幕后”为客户提供咨询并安排和解,但不会在法庭上辩论案件的律师。
Ifyouhaveseenpicturesofmenandwomeninblackrobeswithwhitewigsperchedprecariouslyovertheirrealhair,thosearebarristers.Barristersarebasicallylawyerswhotakecasestotrial,andtheonlykindauthorizedtoworkinBritain’sHighCourts.Thewordoriginatedintheorganizationofmedievallawschools,whichhadaphysicalbarthatseparatednovicestudentsfromlecturersandmoreadvancedstudents.
本文节选自:ChristianScienceMonitor(基督教科学箴言报)
作者:MelissaMohr
原文标题:WhydoesEnglishhavesomanywordsfor'lawyer'
◆词汇积累
1.esquire
2.bounty
3.convolute
4.derivative
5.taint
◆词组搭配
1.solicitdonations募集捐款
2.toutacandidate宣传竞选人
◆写作句总结
WehavesomanytermsforthembecauseoftheconvoluteddevelopmentoftheEnglishandAmericancourtsystems.
结构:Wehavesomanytermsforthembecauseoftheconvoluteddevelopmentofthe….
我们有这么多关于…的术语,是因为…错综复杂的…
例句:WehavesomanytermsforthembecauseoftheconvoluteddevelopmentoftheChinageosystem.