政府报告白皮书中英文翻译：《中国的出口管制》
中国的出口管制
China’sExportControls
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
TheStateCouncilInformationOfficeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina
2021年12月
December2021
目录
Contents
前言
Preamble
一、中国出口管制的基本立场
I.China’sBasicPositiononExportControls
二、不断完善出口管制法律制度和管理体制
II.OngoingImprovementstotheLegalandRegulatorySystemforExportControls
三、持续推进出口管制体系现代化
III.ModernizingtheExportControlSystem
四、积极开展出口管制国际交流与合作
IV.PromotingInternationalExchangesandCooperation
结束语
Conclusion
Exportcontrolsareastandardinternationalpractice.Theyinvolveprohibitiveorrestrictivemeasuresontheexportofdual-useitems,militaryproducts,nuclearmaterials,andothergoods,technologiesandservicesrelatedtosafeguardingnationalsecurityandnationalinterests,andotherrestrictionsrelatedtofulfillingnon-proliferationandotherinternationalobligations.
当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，不稳定性不确定性显著上升，国际安全体系和秩序受到冲击，世界和平面临多元挑战和威胁。公正、合理、非歧视的出口管制，对于有效应对新形势下国际和地区安全风险与挑战、维护世界和平与发展，地位和作用日益凸显。各国普遍高度重视和积极推进出口管制工作，通过建立和执行法律制度，加强和规范出口管制。
Theworldisundergoingprofoundchangesofascaleunseeninacentury,withanincreaseindestabilizingfactorsanduncertainties,disruptiontointernationalsecurityandorder,andchallengesandthreatstoworldpeace.Thestatusandroleoffair,reasonable,andnon-discriminatoryexportcontrolmeasuresisgrowinginimportanceasaneffectivemeanstoaddressinternationalandregionalsecurityrisksandchallengesandsafeguardworldpeaceanddevelopment.Allcountriespaycloseattentiontoexportcontrolsandtakeanactiveapproachtostrengtheningandstandardizingtheirapproachbyestablishingandenforcingmeasuresthroughtheirlegalsystems.
为全面介绍中国出口管制的基本立场和政策主张，增进国际社会对中国出口管制的了解，特发布本白皮书。
TheChinesegovernmentispublishingthiswhitepapertoprovideafullpictureofChina’spoliciesonexportcontrols,andtohelptheinternationalcommunitybetterunderstandChina’sposition.
中国作为负责任大国，坚定维护以联合国为核心的国际体系和以国际法为基础的国际秩序，切实维护符合真正多边主义的国际条约和机制的权威，积极推进国际出口管制朝着公正、合理、非歧视的正确方向发展。
Asaresponsiblecountry,ChinafirmlystandsbytheinternationalsystemcenteredontheUNandtheinternationalorderunderpinnedbyinternationallaw.Chinasafeguardstheauthorityofinternationaltreatiesandmechanismsthatupholdtruemultilateralism,andactivelypromotestheimplementationoffair,reasonableandnon-discriminatoryinternationalexportcontrols.
(一)坚持总体国家安全观
1.MaintainingaHolisticApproachtoNationalSecurity
经济全球化时代，各国安全相互关联，彼此影响。中国始终坚持总体国家安全观，统筹发展和安全，统筹开放和安全，统筹传统安全和非传统安全，统筹自身安全和共同安全，统筹维护和塑造国家安全，努力建设与中国国际地位相称，同国家安全和利益相适应的出口管制体系。中国主张，各国创新安全理念，树立共同、综合、合作、可持续的全球安全观，特别是大国应当履行大国义务，展现大国责任担当，在出口管制领域推进国际共同安全，共同构建普遍安全的人类命运共同体。
Intheageofeconomicglobalization,nocountry’ssecuritycanbeindependentofandisolatedfromallothers.Chinamaintainsaholisticapproachtonationalsecurity,whichmeanscoordinatingdevelopmentandsecurity,openingupandsecurity,traditionalsecurityandnon-traditionalsecurity,andChina’sownsecurityandthesecurityofothers.Itmeanssafeguardingandshapingnationalsecuritytobuildanexportcontrolsystemthatiscommensuratewithitsinternationalstandingandalignedwithitsnationalsecurityandinterests.Chinaholdsthatallcountriesneedtodevelopafreshperspectiveandadoptacommon,comprehensive,cooperativeandsustainableoutlookonglobalsecurity.Inparticular,majorcountriesshouldfulfilltheirobligations,showasenseofresponsibility,andpromoteinternationalsecurityinthefieldofexportcontrolstobuildaglobalcommunityofuniversalsecurity.
(二)认真履行国际义务和承诺
2.HonoringInternationalObligationsandCommitments
ItisChina’ssolemncommitmenttomaintaininternationalpeace,andtorespectnon-proliferationandotherinternationalobligations.Chinaactivelydrawsusefulexperiencefrominternationalstandardpractices,andemploysthatexperiencetostrengthenandimproveitsexportcontrolsystem.ChinastandsfirmlyagainsttheproliferationofallformsofweaponsofmassdestructionandtheirdeliverysystemsandhasestablishedanexportcontrolsystemgovernedbytheExportControlLawthatcoversdual-useitems,militaryproducts,nuclearmaterials,andothergoods,technologiesandservicesrelatedtosafeguardingnationalsecurityandnationalinterests,andotherrestrictionsrelatedtofulfillingnon-proliferationandotherinternationalobligations.
(三)积极推进国际合作协调
3.PromotingInternationalCooperationandCoordination
当今世界，各国日益成为命运共同体。越是面临全球性挑战，越要合作应对。中国主张，通过国际协调合作和多边机制，妥善解决分歧和争端，使各国成为相互信任、平等合作的伙伴。当前，全球治理体制变革正处在历史转折点，中国主张，出口管制国际协调应切实增加新兴市场国家和发展中国家的代表性，更好实现各国在国际合作中权利平等、机会平等、规则平等，更加平衡地反映大多数国家意愿和利益，共同营造和平稳定、平等互信、合作共赢的国际环境。
Intoday’sworld,countriesareincreasinglypartofacommunityofsharedfuture.Themoresignificanttheglobalchallengesweface,thegreatertheneedforcooperativeresponses.Chinabelievesinaddressingdifferencesanddisputesthroughinternationalcoordinationandcooperationandmultilateralmechanisms,sothatallcountriescanbecomepartnerswhotrustandworkwithoneanotheronanequalfooting.Asreformoftheglobalgovernancesystemhasreachedahistoricturningpoint,Chinaadvocatesincreasedrepresentationforemergingmarketsanddevelopingcountriesininternationalcoordinationonexportcontrols,topromoteequalrights,opportunitiesandrulesforallininternationalcooperation.Thiswillreflectthewishesandinterestsofthemajorityinamorebalancedmanner,andhelptobuildaninternationalenvironmentofpeaceandstability,equalityandmutualtrust,andwin-wincooperation.
(四)坚决反对滥用出口管制措施
4.OpposingtheAbuseofExportControlMeasures
中国坚持全面依法治国基本方略，既立足中国国情，又借鉴国外有益经验，不断健全出口管制法律制度，完善出口管制管理体制，为出口管制提供法治和体制保障。
Committedtothebasicprincipleofpursuinglaw-basedgovernanceinallrespects,Chinacontinuestoimproveitslegalandregulatorysystemforexportcontrols.Toprovidelaw-basedandinstitutionalexportcontrolguarantees,itbasesitseffortsonitsnationalconditionsanddrawsuponhelpfulexperiencefromoverseas.
(一)建立健全出口管制法律制度
1.EstablishingandImprovingaLegalSystemforExportControls
(二)构建协同高效的出口管制管理体制
2.BuildingaCoordinatedandEfficientExportControlRegime
出口管制涉及国务院、中央军事委员会的多个部门。国家建立健全出口管制工作机制，明确各部门分工，为出口管制工作提供了坚实的体制保障。
ExportcontrolsinvolvemultipledepartmentsoftheStateCouncilandtheCMC.Chinahasestablishedasoundworkingmechanismandclearlyassignedrolesandresponsibilitiesamongdepartments,whichprovidesasolidinstitutionalguarantee.
两用物项出口管制管理体制。核两用物项出口，由商务部会同国家原子能机构进行管理;生物类两用物项出口，由商务部根据需要会同农业农村部、国家卫生健康委员会等部门进行管理;有关化学品类两用物项出口，由商务部进行管理;导弹类两用物项出口，由商务部根据需要会同国家国防科技工业局、中央军委装备发展部等部门进行管理;商用密码出口，由商务部会同国家密码管理局进行管理，《密码法》规定商用密码出口管制清单由商务部会同国家密码管理局和海关总署制定并公布;监控化学品出口，由工业和信息化部会同商务部进行出口经营者资质管理，工业和信息化部负责具体出口审查。
Regulatorysystemforexportcontrolofdual-useitems.
Exportofnucleardual-useitemsisregulatedbytheMinistryofCommercejointlywiththeChinaAtomicEnergyAuthority;
Exportofdual-usebiologicalitemsisregulatedbytheMinistryofCommercejointlywiththeMinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairsandtheNationalHealthCommission,amongothersasrequired;
Exportofdual-useitemsrelatedtocertainchemicalsisregulatedbytheMinistryofCommerce;
Exportofdual-usemissile-relateditemsisregulatedbytheMinistryofCommercejointlywiththeStateAdministrationofScience,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDefenseandtheEquipmentDevelopmentDepartmentoftheCMC,amongothersasrequired;
ExportofcommercialcryptographyisregulatedbytheMinistryofCommercejointlywiththeStateCryptographyAdministration–theCryptographyLawstipulatesthattheexportcontrollistofcommercialcryptographyshallbeformulatedandpublishedbytheMinistryofCommerceinconjunctionwiththeStateCryptographyAdministrationandtheGeneralAdministrationofCustoms;
Fortheexportofcontrolledchemicals,theMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyregulatesexporteraccreditationjointlywiththeMinistryofCommerce,andisresponsibleforundertakingspecificexportreview.
Regulatorysystemforexportcontrolofmilitaryproducts.TheStateAdministrationofScience,TechnologyandIndustryforNationalDefense,andtheEquipmentDevelopmentDepartmentoftheCMC,regulatemilitaryexportsinaccordancewiththedivisionoftheirduties.Thismainlyincludesreviewingthefranchisequalificationofmilitaryexports,exportprojectproposals,projectsandcontractsformilitaryexports,approvingandissuinglicensesformilitaryexports,formulatingrulesregulatingrelatedbusiness,supervisingexportactivities,andpunishingviolations.
核出口管制管理体制。核出口，由国家原子能机构、商务部会同其他部门进行管理。核出口由国务院指定的单位专营，并坚决贯彻核出口保证只用于和平目的、接受国际原子能机构保障监督、未经中国政府许可不得向第三国转让等三项原则。管理部门对核出口实施严格的审查制度，并对违法行为采取严厉的处罚措施。
Regulatorysystemforexportcontrolofnuclearmaterials.TheexportofnuclearmaterialsisregulatedbytheNationalAtomicEnergyAuthorityandtheMinistryofCommerceincooperationwithotherdepartments.TheseexportsareconductedbyentitiesdesignatedbytheStateCouncil.Theyarecarriedoutinstrictaccordancewiththreeprinciples–thatnuclearmaterialsshouldbeexportedforpeacefulpurposesonly,thattheyshouldbeunderthesupervisionandsafeguardoftheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,andthattheymustnotbetransferredtothirdcountrieswithoutthepermissionoftheChinesegovernment.Competentauthoritiescarryoutrigorousreviewsofnuclearexportsandimposeseverepenaltiesonviolators.