1、仅供参考！欢迎参与词条建设！Book1,unit1Reading:Bodiesoflawcommonlaw习惯法,普通法，判例法basedoncustomscivillaw成文法，大陆法，民法criminallaw刑法dealwithcrimescodify编纂code法典disputes争执，纠纷Typesoflawbill议案；法案.aformalstatementofaproposednewlawthatisdiscussedandthenvotedonregulation规章carryouttheintentof
2、thelawordinance（地方）条例enactedbyatown,cityorcountrygovernmentdirective指令（如：欧盟指令）establishpoliciesstatutes成文法formalwrittenlawprovision规章、条例articlechapterclauseSpeaking1:Explainingwhatalawsaysstipulate规定provide语气弱于stipulatesspecify明确规定Typesofcourtsappellatecourt受理上诉法院reviewcases
4、tcourt模拟法庭studentsarguehypotheticalcasessmall-claimscourt小额补偿诉讼法院limitamountofmoneytribunal特别法庭，专门法庭legalproblemsofaparticulartypeSpeaking2:Civilcourtsystemsexpertwitness专家证人apersonwhohasspecialisedknowledgeofaparticularsubjectappellant上诉人appealsadecisiontoahigher
5、courtadvocate诉讼律师pleadcasesincourtListening:Documentsincourtaffidavit法庭宣誓,口供swearofficiallytotellthetruthinjunction禁令stopsbdoingsomethingwrit传票involvedsbinalegalprocesspleading诉讼；诉讼文件setforththecauseofactionclient诉讼当事人，委托人Book1,Unit2Reading:Legaleducation-acal
6、ltotheBartheBar1.大律师职业（可出席高等法庭）（尤指资格）theprofessionofbarrister2.律师职业theprofessionofanykindoflawyerdisbar取消（某人）的律师资格tostopalawyerfromworkinginthelegalprofession,especiallybecauseheorshehasdonesthillegalLLBLegumBaccalaureus法学学士vocational职业的，职业技术的barrister大律师，出庭律师，辩护律师
7、(在英国有资格出席上级法庭进行辩护)alawyerinBritainwhohastherighttoarguecasesinthehighercourtsoflawInnsofCourt律师学院（尤指英国伦敦四个培养律师的组织）(inEngland)thefourprivateunincorporatedsocietiesinLondonthatfunctionasalawschoolandhavetheexclusiveprivilegeofcallingcandidatestotheEnglishba
10、nts,forexampleforthesaleoflandorbuildings,advisespeopleonlegalmatters,andcanspeakfortheminsomecourtsoflaw2.推销员apersonwhosejobistovisitortelephonepeopleandtrytosellthemsth3.(城镇或政府部门负责法律事务的)法务官themostseniorlegalofficerofacity,townorgovernmentdepartmen
11、tLegalPracticeCourse(LPC)法律实践课程traineesolicitor实习律师lawschool法学院jurisdoctor(J.D)法律博士（美）基础的法律学位，专供非法学毕业的本科毕业生修读，毕业生可以申请入读专业法律证书（P.C.LL.）以图取得香港律师资格，香港中文大学和香港城市大学均设有此课程，2009年起香港大学亦开办此课程。barexamination律师资格考试intheUSA,animportanttesttakenbylaw-schoolgraduateswhich,whenpassed,qualifiesape
12、rsontopractiselawliaison1.联络；联系arelationshipbetweentwoorganizationsordifferentdepartmentsinanorganization,involvingtheexchangeofinformationorideas2.联络员；联系人counsel1.法律顾问；律师alawyerorgroupoflawyersrepresentingsbincourt2.劝告，建议advice,especiallygivenbyolderpeopleore
13、xpertsListeningAssociate合伙人，同事，朋友2.准会员adj.合伙的，共事的，有关连的FullPartner（法律）无限责任合伙人Paralegaln.法律事务助理adj.辅助律师业务的RealPropertyn.不动产，房地产SalariedPartner（法律）受薪合伙人litigationn.诉讼；打官司theprocessofmakingordefendingaclaiminacourtoflawpractitionern.从业人员（尤指医学或法律界的）apersonwhoworksinaprofession;n
14、习艺者，专门人才apersonwhoregularlydoesaparticularactivity,especiallyonethatrequiresskilltransactionn.交易，业务，买卖apieceofbusinessthatisdonebetweenpeople,especiallyanactofbuyingorselling;n.办理，处理theprocessofdoingsthtrade-mark商标aname,symbolordesignthatacompanyusesforitspr
16、oownsormanagesapuboraguesthousetenantn.房客，租户，佃户apersonwhopaysrentfortheuseofaroom,building,landetc;v.（作为租赁者）居住，工作toliveorworkinaplaceasatenantLanguageFocusbarrister出庭律师alawyerwhoisadmittedtopleadatthebarandarguecasesinsuperiorcourts.attorney1.代理人,法律事务代理人a
17、legalagent2.律师alawyerin-housecounsel法律顾问lawyersupplingadvicesforcorparatonsolicitor1.事务律师(英）lawyerwhoconsultswithclientsandpreparedocumentsbutisnotheardinHighCourt2.(美)首席法务官mainlegalofficelofthegovernmentcorporatelawyer法务Settingupabusinessventureforthecompanyde
18、fencelaywer辩护律师alawyerofadefendantgovernmentlawyer政府律师lawyerworkforgovernmentpatentlawyer专利律师alawyerwhodraftsandprosecutespatentapplicationsandrepresentsinventorsininfringementsuitsandinterferencehearingstaxlawyer税务律师lawyerhelpingwithtaxissuestriallawyer出庭辩护律师def
20、lawyeroraccountantbyafirmwithwhomtheyhaveawrittenagreement;6.冠词amendment1.(法令或法规的)修正条款，修正案asectionthatisaddedtoalaworruleinordertochangeit;2.修改，修订achangeismadetoapieceofwriting.billofrights权利法案judicialreview司法审查、复审reviewbyacourtoflawofactionsofagovernm
21、entofficialorentityorofsomeotherlegallyappointedpersonorbodyorthereviewbyanappellatecourtofthedecisionofatrialcourtdueprocess正当程序，正当法律程序,法定诉讼程序theadministrationofjusticeaccordingtoestablishrulesandprinciplesseparationofpowers政权分离divisionofpowers（中央及地方的）分权chec
23、vent,ithashappendedbefore,andthiscanberegardedasanargumentfordoingitagainissue1.重要问题；议题；争论的问题animportantsubject;2.首要事项；要点；问题的要害；3.（报刊的）期，号，版次theversionofmagazineornewspaper;4.发表，发布。makeastatementorawarningknownformallyorpublicly;5.向.颁发；（正式）发给；6.（液体声音气味）流出、发出、冒出issues
25、utionallaw（BY陈宁怡2012301180）separationofpowers1.分权。即将政府机构一分为三：立法、行政和司法。每一个分支都有特定的职责范围，任何其他分支不得侵犯。2.分权与制衡原则。美国宪法所确立的一项原则。依布兰迪斯（Brandeis）大法官所言，这一原则在1787年制宪会议上采纳，其目的不在于提高政府效率，而在于保护人民免受暴政或独裁专制之苦。divisionofpowers<美>（联邦宪法规定的联邦和州之间的政府权力划分）；分权checksandbalances制衡原则；制约与平衡原则。之每一政府部门皆具有对抗其他任何部门行为
26、的能力，从而不致出现任何单一部门操纵整个政府的权力和职能的理论。如在美国，行政部门可通过行使否决权vetopower制约立法机关；而只要达到充分多数，立法机关则可推翻任一否决。limitedgovernment有限政府Unit4CompanyLawlegalentity法律实体legalperson法人Legalpersonsareoftwokinds:naturalpersonspeopleandjuridicalpersonsgroupsofpeople,suchascorporations,whicharetreatedbylaw
27、asiftheywerepersons.Whilepeopleacquirelegalpersonhoodwhentheyareborn,judicialpersonsdosowhentheyareincorporatedinaccordancewithlaw.personalliability法律责任Thelegalboundobligationtopaydebts.Inlaw,apersonislegallyliablewhentheyarefinanciallyandlegallyrespons
29、ncorporation公司注册证书登记执照，asignedstatementbytheRegistrarofCompaniesthatacompanyisdulyincorporatedboardofdirectors董事会Aboardofdirectorsisabodyofelectedorappointedmemberswhojointlyoverseetheactivitiesofacompanyororganization.Othernamesincludeboardofgovernors,boar
32、resultingmaybeclaimedinalawsuitforpanyformation成立公司CompanyformationisthetermfortheprocessofincorporationofabusinessintheUK.Itisalsosometimesreferredtoascompanyregistration.ThesetermsarebothalsousedwhenincorporatingabusinessintheRepublico
33、fIreland.UnderUKcompanylawandmostinternationallawacompanyorcorporationisconsideredtobeanentitythatisseparatefromthepeoplewhoownoroperatethecompany.bonus奖金Apremiumpaidinadditiontowhatisdueorexpectedliquidation清偿；结算；清算；1.Theactofdeterminingbyagreement
34、orbylitigationtheexactamountofsomething(asadebtordamages)thatbeforewasuncertain.2.Theactofsettlingadebtbypaymentorothersatisfaction.3.Theactorprocessofconvertingassetsintocash,esp.tosettledebts.legalentity法律实体certificateofincorporation公司注册证登记执照，法人认可证，公司章
35、程;Acertificateofincorporationisalegaldocumentrelatingtotheformationofacompanyorcorporation.Itisalicensetoformacorporationissuedbystategovernment.Itsprecisemeaningdependsuponthelegalsysteminwhichitisused.statutoryform法定形式Asfortheapplicationmaterialstha
36、tarecompleteandconsistentwiththestatutoryformsorthathavebeensupplementedbytheapplicantinlightoftherelevantrequirements,itshallacceptthem.memorandumofassociation公司章程，公会规约;Thememorandumofassociationofacompany,oftensimplycalledthememorandum(andthenoftencapital
37、isedasanabbreviationfortheofficialname,whichisapropernounandusuallyincludesotherwords),isthedocumentthatgovernstherelationshipbetweenthecompanyandtheoutside.ItisoneofthedocumentsrequiredtoincorporateacompanyintheUnitedKingdom,Ireland,India,Bangladesh,
41、ofacompany,oremployeesofanofficialbody,whichoccursatanirregulartime.Thetermisusuallyusedwherethegroupwouldordinarilyholdanannualgeneralmeeting(AGM),butwhereanissueariseswhichrequirestheinputoftheentiremembershipandistooseriousorurgenttowaituntilth
42、enextAGM.Membersand/orshareholdersmustbeinformedofthepurposeoftheEGMsothattheymayattendinapositionwheretheycandiscussandexerciseintelligentjudgment,otherwiseanyresolutionspassedareinvalid.annualgeneralmeeting(AGM)年度（股东）大会，周年股东大会Anannualgeneralmeeting(common
43、lyabbreviatedasAGM,alsoknownastheannualmeeting)isameetingthatofficialbodies,andassociationsinvolvingthegeneralpublic(includingcompanieswithshareholders),areoftenrequiredbylaw(ortheconstitution,charter,by-lawsetc.governingthebody)tohold.AnAGMisheldeveryy
45、ctionsthebusinesswilltakeinthefuture.boardofdirector董事会Aboardofdirectorsisabodyofelectedorappointedmemberswhojointlyoverseetheactivitiesofacompanyororganization.dutyofcare注意义务fiduciaryduty诚信义务conflictofinterest利益冲突balancesheet资产负债表profit-and-lossaccount损益类账户bonu
46、sissue红股，或bonussharecapitalisationissue资本化发行liquidation清算auditor审计员director董事；经理指挥公司业务，构成董事会，为公司决策机构boardofdirectors主管；指导者；管理者officerliquidatorn.清算人；清算事务管理人，亦称receivermanagingdirector总经理，常务董事someonewhocontrolsresourcesandexpenditurespromote促进者；倡导者；推动者（公司等的）发起人，创办人推销商（议案的）提出者，提案人
48、anasagreedupontheoccurrenceofsomeeventorcircumstancestatedinthecontract,usuallyfailuretomakepayment.提前收益，提前批准assignmentn.(财产的)转让，让与Clauseprohibitingorpermittingassignmentundercertainconditions.n.让与证书、委托证书n.(转让的)财产、权力等v.转让confidentialityn.保密条款，机密，机密性Clauseconcerningthet
49、reatingofinformationasprivateandnotfordistributionbeyondspecificallyidentifiedindividualsororganizations,norusedotherthanforspecificallyidentifiedpurposes.n.可以信赖的品质，受到信任的能力considerationn.对价，约因Clauseexpressingthecause,motive,priceorimpellingmotivewhichinducesoneparty
50、toenterintoanagreement.n.考虑，体贴ForceMajeuren.不可抗力Clausedesignedtoprotectagainstfailurestoperformcontractualobligationscausedbyunavoidableeventsbeyondthepartyscontrol,suchasnaturaldisastersorwars.LiquidatedDamagesn.约定违约金，约定违约赔偿金Clausereferringtoanamountpredetermined
51、bythepartiesasthetotalamountofcompensationanon-breachingpartyshouldreceiveiftheotherpartybreachesapartofthecontract.EntireAgreementn.完整条款Clausestatingthatthewrittentermsofanagreementmaynotbevariedbypriorororalagreementsbecauseallsuchagreementshavebeen
52、consolidatedintothewrittendocument.severabilityn.（合同的）可分性Clauseprovidingthat,intheeventthatoneormoreprovisionsoftheagreementaredeclaredunenforceable,thebalanceoftheagreementremainsinforce.Terminationn.结束结局终点Clauseoutliningwhenandunderwhichcircumstancesthecontra
53、ctmaybedetermined.PaymentofCostsn.诉讼费的缴纳Clausesettingoutwhichpartyisresponsibleforpaymentofcostsrelatedtothepreparationoftheagreementandancillarydocuments.Expresscontractn.明示合同，明约Acontractwhoseclauseissetclearlybybothpartiesorallyorinwrittenform.Impliedcontra
54、ctn.默认契约Acontractwhichissetaccordingtothebehavioroftwopartiesandtheenvironmentduringtheformationofthecontract,althoughtherewasnoobviouswordspresented.Statuteoffraudn.防止欺诈法英国1677年通过的一部制定法。该法由诺丁汉勋爵制定，原名为ActofthepreventionofFraudsandPerjuries，立法宗旨是在证据不发达的时代，当事人又无法提供合
55、适证人的情况下，减少合同欺诈。Realpropertyn.不动产Propertyconsistingoflandorbuildings.formationn.订立，形成TheactionofformingorprocessofformingofacontractThird-partybeneficiarycontractsn.第三人受益合同AcontractinwhichthepersonwhogetthebenefitorcompensationisanotherpersonratherthaneitherpartAss
56、ignmentofrightsn.权力的转让AclausewhichregulatesthechangeoftheownerofaparticularrightDelegationofdutiesn.责任的委托Togivecertaindutyorobligationtosomeoneelseotherthantwopartiesofthecontract.delegaten.代表Apersonsentorauthorizedtorepresentothers.Vt.委任，托付assigneen.代理人，受托人Ape
57、rsontowhomarightorliabilityislegallytransferredorapersonappointedtoactforanother.Illegalityofthesubjectmattern.标的物的违法性Wheneitherthesubjectmatter(e.g.thesaleofillegaldrugs)ortheconsiderationofacontractisillegalFraudintheinducementn.引诱性的欺诈Whenonepartyisintentionallymisledabouttheterms,qualityorotheraspectofthecontractualrelationshipthatleadsthepartytoenterintothetransaction.duressn.威胁