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黑手党产权保护理论在西方影响甚广,其核心是将“黑手党”(Mafia)定义为:生产、销售和分配私人保护的、特殊的有组织犯罪集团。该学派创始人迭戈·甘贝塔(DiegoGambetta)通过对于意大利西西里黑手党的实证研究,成功地诠释了政府失灵与黑手党产生的辩证关系,推导出导致黑手党组织产生和发展的两大因素,即私人保护的需求和供给。沿着甘贝塔的脚步,本文结合中国现实,详细论述了中国经济改革与“法外保护组织”兴起的辩证关系。改革开放以来,私有制产权的普遍确立使得民众对于权利保护的需求呈现出几何式增长。然而,中国法律对于产权的含糊界定、转型期的腐败问题,以及薄弱的司法体系,都使得中国政府不能够为市场主体提供全面、有效和平等的保护。法律保护的缺失形成的权力真空,成为法外保护组织产生的根本原因。在这种情况下,犯罪分子在利益驱动下组成法外保护组织((如地下出警队)),他们提供的服务主要包括两大领域:一是帮助企业参与市场竞争和垄断市场,二是“协助”地方政府发展地方经济。
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